
Class t=J2^ 



Book. 



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COSsaBYCt DEFoam 






HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES, 



FOR 



SCHOOLS Al^D ACADEMIES. 



BY 



JOSEPH T. DERRY, 



PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES IN WESLEYAN FEMALE 
COLLEGE, MACON, GEORGIA. 



WITH ILLUSTEATIONS. 



NEW EDITION. 



^ ^ .^-N z*^ -==^ ^ 




PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPING OTT & CO. 

1880. 



Co2)yright, 1879, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. 






PEEFAOE. 



This work is designed as a history for schools and academies. 
Great pains have been taken to state accurately and impartially 
all the leading events in the history of our country. The author- 
ities consulted in the preparation of this work are Stephens's 
" History of the United States," " Memoirs of the War in the 
Southern Department of the United States," by General Henry 
Lee, John Esten Cooke's " Life of E. E. Lee," McCabe's " Life 
of Lee," " Johnston's Narrative," " Sherman's Narrative," Gree- 
ley's " American Conflict," " Draper's " History of the Civil 
War," Swinton's series of histories, Barnes's school histories, and 
Quackenbos's school histories. 

JOSEPH T. DERRY. 



1* 



CO]:^TENTS. 



FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH 
AND INDIAN WAR. 

CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

Discovery of America 13 

CHAPTER II. 
Explorations of the Spaniards and French 19 

CHAPTER III. 
English Explorations. — Settlement of Virginia 23 

CHAPTER IV. 
Settlement of New York by the Dutch. — It becomes a British Colony . 32 

CHAPTER V. 

The Colony of Massachusetts 34 

CHAPTER VI. 
Settlement of New Hampshire and Connecticut 38 

CHAPTER VII. 
Settlement of Rhode Island 40 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The War with the Pequods. — New England Confederation . . .42 

CHAPTER IX. 

Settlement of Maryland 45 

7 



8 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CHAPTER X. 
Settlement of New Jersey and Delaware 47 

CHAPTER XL 

Settlement of Pennsylvania . . .50 

CHAPTER XII. 
Settlement of North Carolina 62 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Settlement of South Carolina , .55 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Affairs in Several Colonies 57 

CHAPTER XV. 
Settlement of Georgia 66 

CHAPTER XVI. 
The French Wars in America 72 

Topical Review op Part First 91 



FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO THE 
BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

CHAPTER I. 
Disputes with the Mother-Country 98 

CHAPTER II. 
Commencement of the War of the Revolution 104 

CHAPTER III. 
Campaigns of 1776. — Declaration of Independence .... 110 



CONTENTS. 9 

PAGE 

CHAPTER IV. 
Campaigns of 1777 120 

CHAPTER V. 
The Alliance with France and other Events of 1778 .... 128 

CHAPTER VI. 
Events of 1779 132 

CHAPTER VII. 
Events of 1780 139 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Events of 1781 146 

CHAPTER IX. 

The Formation of the Federal Constitution. — The Election of Washing- 
ton as President 157 

Topical Review op Part Second 163 



FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
CLOSE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

CHAPTER I. 
Administration of Washington 166 

CHAPTER II. 
Administration of John Adams 175 

CHAPTER III. 

Administration of Thomas Jefferson 178 

A* 



10 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CHAPTER IV. 

Administration of James Madison.— Second War with Great Britain . 183 

CHAPTER V. 

Madison's Administration (Continued). — War with Great Britain (Con- 
tinued).— Campaign of 181.3 189 

CHAPTER VI. 

Madison's Administration (Concluded). — End of the War with Great 

Britain 193 

CHAPTER VII. 
Administration of James Monroe 200 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Administration of John Quincy Adams 206 

CHAPTER IX. 
Administration of Andrew Jackson 208 

CHAPTER X. 
Administration of Martin Van Buren 214 

CHAPTER XI. 
Administrations of Harrison and Tyler 217 

CHAPTER XII. 
Administration of James K. Polk. — War with Mexico .... 223 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore . . . 233 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Administration of Franklin Pierce 238 

Topical Review of Part Third 241 



CONTENTS. 11 



FROM THE BEGINNING OF BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

Administration of James Buchanan 249 

CHAPTER II. 

Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. — Beginning of the War between the 

States 258 

CHAPTER III. 

Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Second Year of the War between 

the States 272 

CHAPTER IV. 

Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Third Year of the War between 

the States 290 

CHAPTER V. 

Lincoln's Administration (Continued). — Fourth Year of the War between 

the States 305 

CHAPTER VL 
End of the War. — Close of Lincoln's Administration .... 324 

CHAPTER VIL 
Administration of Andrew Johnson 330 

CHAPTER VIIL 

Administration of Ulysses S. Grant, and Commencement of that of 

Rutherford B. Hayes 334 

Topical Review of Part Fourth 341 

Declaration of Independence of the United States . . . 349 

Constitution of the United States of America .... 353 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE CLOSE OF THE 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 

1. Previous to the year of our Lord 1492 what is now known 
as tlic Western Continent was unknown to the people of Europe. 
It is true that towards the close of the tenth century some Ice- 
landers and Norwegians had discovered Greenland and the neigh^ 
boring coasts of North America, and are supposed by some to 
have sailed along the coast as far south as Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island. The Norsemen, as these bold navigators were 
called, gave to the lands which they visited the name of Vinland. 
Their discoveries were, however, known to but few, and were soon 
forgotten, so that before the discovery of America by Columbus 
even the learned men of Europe had no knowledge of any such 
land. 

2. The fifteenth century was distinguished by great maritime 
enterprises, for then the practical application of the mariner's 

1. What of the Western Continent previous to 1492? What did some Ice- 
landers and Norwegians do towards the close of the tenth century? What is 
said of their discoveries ? 

2. By what was the fifteenth century distinguished? What was the chief 

2 13 



14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

compass first led to distant sea-voyages. The chief purpose of 
these voyages was to find the shortest route to the East Indies. 
Prince Henry, of Portugal, took the lead in these enterprises, and 
especially directed his attention to the discovery of a passage to 
India around the southern extremity of Africa. After his death, 
his grand-nephew, King John, continued the efforts to discover 
the passage to India. 

3. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy, together 
with other learned men of Europe, had come to the conclusion 
that the earth was round, and that India could be most speedily 
reached by sailing due west. Fully imbued with this idea, he 
applied to the government of Genoa, his native city, for aid in 
the prosecution of his enterprise ; but the authorities did not 
look with favor upon his scheme, and refused the necessary assist- 
ance. He next applied to King John, of Portugal, but meeting 
with no better success, he sent his brother to Henry VII., King 
of England, to solicit aid. Here he was again disappointed. 

4. Columbus now resolved to apply to Ferdinand and Isabella, 
King and Queen of Spain. The kingdom of Spain was just be- 
ginning to take a high stand among the nations of Europe. Fer- 
dinand and Isabella were engaged in the campaign which wrested 
from the Moors their last stronghold in Spain, when Columbus 
appeared before them asking their aid in his grand enterprise, 
which, he assured them, would make their nation i\\e greatest 
kingdom in Europe. Queen Isabella especially was favorably 
impressed with his plan, and on the plain of Granada, three days 
after the surrender of this last Moorish stronghold, the formal 

purpose of the voyages made then? Who took the lead in these enterprises? 
To what did he especially direct his attention ? Who continued these efforts 
after Prince Henry's death ? 

3. What conclusion had Columbus and other learned men of Europe 
reached? Give an account of his efforts to get aid. 

4. To whom did Columbus next apply? In what were Ferdinand and Is- 
abella engngcd at this time? How was Queen Isabella impressed with his 
plan ? AVhcre was the final arrangement made between Columbus and the 
sovereigns of Spain ? 



DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 



15 



arrangement was made between Columbus and the sovereigns of 
Spain. 

5. Columbus was furnished with three vessels, the Santa 
Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. These vessels were manned by 
ninety mariners, and were supplied with provisions for twelve 
months. The cost of the expedition was about twenty thousand 
dollars. On Friday, the 3d of August, 1492, the little fleet set 
sail from the port of Palos. Columbus himself sailed in tlio 




THE FLEET OF COLUMDUS. 



Santa Maria, which was the largest of his three ships. On the 
6th of August they reached the Canary Islands, where they were 
detained several weeks on account of injuries received by the 
Pinta. On the 6th of September the fleet again set sail, and for 
more than a month sailed westward before signs of land appeared. 
The sailors became alarmed and threatened to turn back ; but 



5. With what was Columbus furnished by the King and Queen of Spain ? 
What were their names? How were they manned and supplied? What was 
the cost of the expedition ? When did the fleet set sail from Palos ? In what 
vessel did Columbus himself sail? What land did they reach on the 6th of 



16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Columbus endeavored to allay their fears, and prevailed on them 
to press forward, and on the morning of the 12th of October the 
weary sailors were gladdened by the cry of " Land ! land !" uttered 
by the watchman on the deck of the Pinta. 

6. The land thus discovered was one of the Bahama Islands, 
called by the natives Gu-an-a-han-i, but Columbus named it San 
Salvador, which means Holy Saviour. On this same voyage Co- 
lumbus discovered the island of Cuba, which he thought was 
Japan, and the island of Hayti, which he named Hispaniola, or 
Little Spain. 

7. On his return to Spain Columbus was received with the 
greatest honors. He now found no trouble in fitting out a second 
expedition, and was soon sailing across the ocean again. On his 
second voyage he discovered Dominica, Porto Rico, and other 
islands. On a third voyage he reached the island of Trinidad 
and the mouth of the Orinoco River, in South America. The 
size of this river indicated that he had reached a continent, which 
he supposed to be Asia. In fact, Columbus never knew that he 
had discovered a new world. 

8. xllthough Columbus had by his discoveries conferred such 
glory on the sovereigns of Spain, and had added vast possessions to 
their dominion, he was, in the latter years of his life, treated with 
injustice and cruel neglect. In the year 1500, after having spent 
two years in the government of the Spanish settlements in the 
West Indies, he was arrested and sent home in chains. True, he 

August ? What caused delay ? When did the fleet leave the Canaries ? How 
long was it before signs of land appeared ? When was land discovered? 

6. What was the land thus discovered ? What was it called by the natives? 
What did Columbus call it? What does San Salvador mean? What other 
islands did Columbus discover on this voyage ? 

7. How was Columbus received on his return to Spain? What islands did 
he discover on his second voyage ? What island and what river did he reach 
on his third voyage? AVhere is the Orinoco River? What did the size of 
this river indicate ? What did he suppose this continent to be ? Did Colum- 
bus ever know that he had discovered a new world? 

8. How was Columbus treated in the latter years of his life ? What hap- 
pened to him in the year 1500? AVhat happened when he reached Spain? 



from (iroenwich 




AXD 

Etliiiograpliic Mfip 

OF THE 

IXDTAX TUIBKS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

A. D. 1630. 



From Sclioolci-aft. 



1519 






•= ^■.\^: ,..^^: 






18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was released on reaching Spain, by order of the king and queen, 
but he was never restored to his former honors and dignities. 
He died in obscurity and poverty at Valladolid, on the 20th of 
May, 150G. 

9. America, which should have been called after Columbus, 
received its name from Americus Vespucius, a Florentine navi- 
gator, who visited the New World, and in 1499 published a map 
of the coast, and gave some very interesting descriptions of the 
lands which he had visited. 

10. To the inhabitants of the islands which he visited Co- 
lumbus gave the name of Indians. His reason for this was, that 
he supposed those islands to be parts of India. Hence they were 
called West Indies, and their inhabitants Indians. 

Of the origin of the Indians nothing is known with certainty. 
The most civilized Indian nations were found in Mexico, in Central 
America, and in the countries of Peru and Chili, in South America. 
Those who lived in the present limits of the United States were 
savages, whose chief employment was hunting and fishing. 

Was he ever restored to his former honors and dignities ? How, where, and 
when did he die ? 

9. After whom was America called ? 

10. What name did Columbus give to the inhabitants of the islands which 
he visited? What was the reason for this ? What is known of the origin of 
the Indians ? In what countries were the most civilized Indian nations 
found ? What is said of those who lived in the present limits of the United 
States ? 



SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND CONQUESTS. 19 

CHAPTER IL 

EXPLORATIONS OF THE SPANIARDS AND FRENCH. 
Spanish Explorations and Conquests. 

1. Immediately after the discovery of America the Spaniards 
began to make conquests and settlements. Their first colony was 
that of St. Domingo, founded by Bartholomew Columbus, in 1496. 
The hope of gold stimulated explorations, and grandees, warriors, 
and adventurers of every class flocked to the New World. Ponce 
de Leon, who had, in 1508, made the conquest of Porto Rico, 
when deprived of his government, in 1512, sailed to seek the won- 
derful " Fountain of Youth," of which he had been told. He 
reached the coast opposite the Bahamas, and named the country 
Florida, either on account of the abundance of its flowers, or be- 
cause he had landed on Palm-Sunday, which the Spaniards call 
Pascua Florida. After sailing along the coast and landing here 
and there, he was obliged to give up the search for the Youth-be- 
stow^ing Fountain, and return to his home to die like other mortals. 

2. In 1513, Balboa, another bold adventurer, crossed the Isth- 
mus of Darien, and from the summit of the Andes beheld spread out 
before his enraptured gaze the wide-extended waters of the mighty 
Pacific. This discovery first proved that America was a separate 
continent from Asia. Filled with enthusiasm, Balboa waded into 
the water, and, holding in one hand his naked sword and in the 
other the flag of his country, he solemnly proclaimed that this ocean 
and all shores laved by it belonged forever to the crown of Spain. 

1. What of the Spaniards immediately after the discovery of America? 
What was their first colony, by whom founded, and when ? Give an account 
of the adventures of Ponce de Leon. 

2. .What of Balboa's explorations ? 



20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. De Narvacz attempted, in 1528, the conquest of Florida, but 
his expedition was a total fiulure. He perished, together with 
his followers, with the exception of four, who, six years afterwards, 
reached the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast. Ferdinand 
De Soto, undeterred by these failures, undertook the conquest 
of Florida. With six hundred chosen men he traversed Florida, 
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, searching everywhere for 
gold. In 1541 they reached the Mississippi River, and on its 
banks, in 1542, De Soto died, and was buried by his followers in 
its turbid waters. Melendez, another Spaniard, in 1565, laid the 
foundation of a colony at St. Augustine, in Florida. This is the 
oldest town in the United States. 

4. Fernando Cortez, another Spanish soldier, of noble birth, 
and endowed with great talents and courage, in three brilliant 
campaigns, from 1519 to 1521, subjected the empire of the 
Montezumas and all Mexico to the Spanish crown. 

In 1529, Pizarro and Almagro overthrew the empire of the 
Incas and added Peru and its dependencies to the dominions of 
Spain. In the sixteenth century all the region to the northwest of 
Mexico was called California, a name which is said to have origi- 
nated from a romance concerning a certain queen of the Amazons, 
whose name was California. The first voyage along the Pacific 
coast was made by Cabrillo, who sailed as far north as Oregon, in 
1542. New Mexico was explored and named by Espejo, who, in 
1582, founded Santa Fe, the second oldest town in the United 
States. Before the close of the sixteenth century Spain had pos- 
session of the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Florida, 
in North America, and of a large part of South America. Spanish 
explorers had traversed the greater part of the present Southern 

3. What of the attempt of De Narvaez, in 1528, to conquer Florida? Who 
next undertook the conquest of Florida? Describe his wanderings. What 
did Melendez do in 1565? What can you say of St. Augustine? 

4. Tell what is said of the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. What did Pizarro 
and Almagro do in 1529? Tell what is said of California. Who made the 
first voyage on the Pacific coast? By whom was New Mexico explored and 
named ? What town did he found ? What of this town ? Name all the coun- 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 21 

States of the American Union, and the Pacific coast, and there- 
fore Spain claimed all this vast territory by right of discovery. 

French Explorations and Settlements. 

5. In 1524, John Verazzani (ve-rat-sah-ne), a Florentine, in 
the service of Francis I., King of France, sailed along the coasts 
of North Carolina, passed the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, entered 
the harbor of New York, and coasted along New England and 
Nova Scotia. Ten years later Jacques Cartier began his explora- 
tions in the New World. He ascended the river St. Lawrence to 
the Indian village of Hochelaga (ho-she-la-ga), situated at the 
foot of a lofty hill, which he named Mont Heal, or Ilegal Moun- 
tain. He took possession of the country for France, and then 
sailed home. Four years later he attempted a settlement, but 
failed utterly, and it was fifty years before the French crown 
made another attempt at colonization. 

6. Religious zeal prompted Admiral Coligny (Co-leen-ye) to 
take up the task abandoned by the kings of France. He ob- 
tained leave to found in America a refuge for French Protestants. 
John Ribault (re-bo) commanded the immigrants. He planted a 
colony at Port Royal Harbor, in South Carolina, in 1562, and 
built a fort, which he named Fort Carolina, in honor of Charles 
IX., King of France. Ribault sailed back to France, and the 
settlement was abandoned in his absence. Two years later Lau- 
donniere (Lo-don-yare) established a settlement on the river St. 
John, in Florida, and built a second Fort Carolina. The Spaniards, 
however, claimed the country, and in 1565, Melendez, who had 

tries possessed and explored by Spain in North and South America before the 
close of the sixteenth century. What did Spain claim ? 

5. In whose service was John Verazzani? What did he do in 1524 ? What 
Frenchman began explorations ten years later? Give an account of his ex- 
plorations. How many years was it before the French made another attempt 
at colonization ? 

6. Give an account of the colony of Coligny and Ribault. Of that of 
Laudonniere. What did Melendez do in 1565? 



22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

just founded the settlement of St. Augustine, captured Fort Caro- 
lina and butchered the settlers, saying that he treated them thus 
" not as Frenchmen, but as Huguenots." 

7. This atrocity was avenged, in 1568, by Dominic de Gourgues 
(goorg), a Frenchman, of the province of Gascony, who took 
two Spanish forts and retook Fort Carolina. He hanged his 
prisoners, " not as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, and mur- 
derers." 

8. French colonization in America was resumed in 1596, under 
a commission from Henry IV. to the Marquis de la Roche (rosh). 
The attempt of La Roche was a failure. Samuel Champlain 
(sham-plane), in 1603, in the employ of some merchants of 
Rouen (roo-ong), crossed the Atlantic in two small vessels. De 
Monts (mong), a Huguenot, received a grant of all the territory 
between the present sites of Philadelphia and Montreal. All this 
territory was named Acadia. In company with Champlain he 
made .the first permanent French settlement in America at Port 
Royal, in Nova Scotia, in 1605. In 1608, Champlain established 
a trading-post at Quebec, and this was the first permanent French 
settlement in Canada. In fifty years after the death of Cham- 
plain, the Jesuit missionaries — among whom the most distin- 
guished were Marquette (mar-ket) and La Salle — had penetrated 
the wilderness to the west, discovered the great lakes, and descend- 
ing the Mississippi to its mouth, had acquired for France the vast 
territory of Louisiana. 

7. How was this atrocity avenged ? 

8. When was French colonization in America resumed ? By whom ? What 
of the attempt of De la Roche? When and where did Champlain and De 
Monts establish the first permanent French settlement in America? When 
did Champlain establish a trading-post at Quebec? AVhat can you say of it? 
What had the French Jesuit missionaries done in fifty years after the death of 
Champlain ? 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 



23 



CHAPTER III. 

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS.— SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 




SEAL, OF VIRGINIA. 



1. England claimed the exclusive right to plant colonies in 
North America, on the ground that John Cabot, a Venetian in 
the service of Henry VII., King of England, discovered the 
mainland of North America in 1497, fourteen months before 
Columbus landed on the mainland of South America. During 
the greater part of the sixteenth century this claim was neg- 
lected, and Spain and France had each secured a strong foothold 
before England planted her first colony. The Dutch and Swedes 
also attempted settlements, and the rival claims of all these vari- 
ous European nations led to frequent wars. The most trouble- 
some competitors of the English were the Spaniards and French. 
Of these two nations the French were the most formidable, and, 
as we shall see hereafter, their wars with the English were long 
and bloody. 



1. On what ground did England claim the exclusive right to plant colonies 
in North America? What of this claim during the greater part of the six- 
teenth century ? Who had secured strongholds in America before England 
planted her first colony ? What of the Dutch and Swedes ? To what did the 
rival claims of these various European nations lead? Who were the most 
troublesome competitors of the English ? 



24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Elizabeth had been nearly twenty years upon the throne of 
England before any serious effort was made to make good the 
Eno-lish claim to North America. Then Martin Frobisher sailed 
in search of a northwest passage to India in 1576, and in two 
other voyages attempted to find gold and also to plant an English 
colony, but succeeded in neither attempt. 

3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert made eiforts to plant colonies, but 
failed, losing his own life at sea. His half-brother, Sir Walter 
Raleigh, being high in the favor of Queen Elizabeth, obtained from 
her the grant to an extensive country between the parallels of 33° 
and 45° north latitude. To this large tract of country, extend- 
ing from Maine to the southern coast of North Carolina, was 
given the name of Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin 
Queen. Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony was on Roanoke 
Island, in 1585 ; but after suffering many hardships the settlers 
were taken on board an English ship by Sir Francis Drake, who 
happened to stop there on one of his exploring tours. Sir Francis 
Drake was a great navigator, and was the first Englishman who 
sailed a ship on the Pacific Ocean. The settlers thus carried 
home by Drake had been long enough among the Indians to learn 
the use of tobacco, and had also noticed the culture by the Indians 
of Indian corn and potatoes. 

4. After the departure of the settlers Sir Richard Grenville, 
who had first conducted them to Roanoke Island, came back, and 
left fifteen men to retain possession of the soil. These perished ; 
in what manner is not known. In 1587, Raleigh made another 
attempt, and on the northern shore of Roanoke Island was com- 

2. How long had Elizabeth been on the throne before any attempt was made 
to make good the English claim ? What of Martin Frobisher? 

3. What of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's efforts to plant colonies? To what""did 
Sir Walter Raleigh obtain a grant ? What name was given to the country ? 
Where did Raleigh first attempt to plant a colony? What of this colony? 

4. After the departure of the settlers what did Sir Richard Grenville do? 
Where did Raleigh make another attempt in 1587? What city was com- 
menced? What did Lane, the governor, do ? Whom did he leave at the new 
settlement ? What did he lind when he returned to America ? 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 25 

inenced tlie city of Raleigh. Provisions were scarce and the 
Indians unfriendly. Lane, the governor, went to England for 
supplies and reinforcements, leaving behind eighty-nine men, 
seventeen women, and eleven children, including his granddaugh- 
ter, Virginia Dare, ten days old, the first English child born in 
America. Lane on returning to England found the attention of 
the country too much absorbed by the threatened invasion of the 
Spanish Armada to give him the needed assistance. AVhen, three 
years later, he returned to America the colony and city of Raleigh 
were no more. 

5. Raleigh transferred his patent to a company, but on the 
accession of James I., in 1603, it reverted to the cro^vn. The 
new sovereign granted the territory of Virginia, as it was called, 
to two companies, — the London and the Plymouth. The At- 
lantic coast between 34° and 45° north latitude was divided be- 
tween these two companies. The territory of the London Com- 
pany was called South Virginia, that of the Plymouth Company, 
North Virginia. Both were under the control of the " Council 
of Virginia." AIL the members of this council were appointed 
hy the king, and resided in England. 

6. In 1607 one hundred and five emigrants, all unmarried men, 
were sent out by the London Company, under the direction of 
Captain Newport. On the James River, in the present State 
of Virginia, they commenced a settlement, which they named 
Jamestown. "This was the first permanent English settlement 
in America. 

7. The officers of the colony were seven members of council. 

5. To whom did Raleigh transfer his patent ? What happened on the ac- 
cession of James I. in 1603? To whom did the king grant the territory of 
Virginia? What was divided between these two companies? What wns the 
territory of the London Company called? What was that of the Plymouth 
Company called ? Under whose control were both ? By whom were the mem- 
bers of this council appointed ? 

6. What happened in 1607? Where did they commence a settlement? 
What did they call their settlement? What can you say of this settlement? 

7. Who were the othecrs of the colony? W'ho was made governor or pres- 

B 3 



26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

They were Bartholomew Gosnold, Captain John Smith, Edward 
Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliff, and George Ken- 
dall. Edward Wingfield was made president or governor of the 
colony. The season after their arrival proved very unhealthy^ 
and more than half their number died before winter. Among 
those who died was Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the ablest 
members of the council. 

8. Captain Newport, the commander of the vessels which had 
brought the settlers over, after staying a short while, sailed for 
England, leaving the colonists in a very destitute condition. 
The Indians in the neighborhood of Jamestown were numerous, 
and sometimes hostile. In addition to their other troubles the 
settlers quarrelled among themselves. They excluded Captain 
Smith from the council, deposed Mr. Wingfield, and put Mr. 
Ratcliff in his place. As their condition continued to grow 
worse, they finally gave the management of affairs to Captain 
Smith, who, by his skill and courage, soon restored order and 
placed the colony on the road to prosperity. 

9. Captain John Smith was a man who had met with many 
adventures. He had served in the armies of Holland and Aus- 
tria, had been a prisoner among the Turks, and had travelled 
through most of the principal countries of Europe. After all his 
travels he returned to England — his native country— just in time 
to join the companies which were forming for the settlement of 
Virginia. One of his first steps after taking charge of the affairs 
of the colony was to make treaties with the Indians, and thus 
quiet the fears of the settlers. As soon as the colony became 
tranquil he went with a party of men on an exploration up the 
Chickahominy, a branch of the James. AVhen they had pro- 



ident ? What of the season after their arrival ? How many died before win- 
ter ? Which one of the members of council died ? 

8. Give an account of the troubles of the settlers. To whom did they 
finally give the management of affairs ? What did Smith do ? 

y. Mention the adventures of Captain John Smith, What did he do after 
all these travels ? What was one of his first steps after taking charge of the 



:^: ^SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 27 

ceedcd about thirty miles above the junction of these rivers they 
were attacked by Indians ; Smith's companions were slain, and 
he was himself captured and carried before Powhatan, the In- 
dian king, who determined to put him to death. Smith's arms 
were tied behind his back, his head was placed upon a log, and 
Powhatan, seizing his club, was about to slay the prisoner him- 
self, when his daughter Pocahontas, a girl of about twelve years, 
sprang forward and, throwing her arms around the prisoner's 
neck, begged her father to spare his life. Powhatan, moved by 
his daughter's tears and entreaties, spared his prisoner's life. He 
also made a treaty with Smith, and allowed him to return to his 
friends at Jamestown, which place Smith reached after an absence 
of about seven weeks. 

10. Soon after this, Powhatan again became angry with the 
whites, and laid a plot to destroy them, but, through information 
given by Pocahontas, the plot was discovered and the colony 
saved. Through the influence of Captain Smith peace was once 
more made. 

11. In the year 1609 a new charter was obtained by the Lon- 
don Company, and Virginia was declared to extend from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific, and to embrace all the islands within one 
hundred miles of either shore. The authority was vested in a 
governor instead of a local council. Lord Delaware was elected 
governor. On the 2d of June, 1G09, nine vessels sailed from 
Plymouth with five hundred emigrants on board. One of the 
vessels was sunk in a storm, another was stranded on the Ber- 
mudas. The other seven arrived at Jamestown with a loss of 
most of their supplies. During this same year Smith was seri- 

aflFairs of the colony? Give an account of his explorations 'up the Chicka- 
hominy. Relate his adventure with Powhatan. How long was Smith absent 
from Jamestown ? 

10. What did Powhatan do soon after this ? How was the plot made known 
to the whites ? Through whose influence was peace once more made ? 

11. What were declared to be the limits of Virginia by the charter obtained 
in 1609? In whom was the authority vested ? Who was made governor? 
What happened in 1609 ? How many vessels reached Jamestown ? During 



28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

oiisly injured by the explosion of a bag of powder, and was 
obliged to return to England for medical aid. He never again 
returned to Jamestown. In the year 1614 he explored and made 
a map of the coast from Penobscot Bay to Cape Cod. He called 
the country thus explored by him New England, by which name 
it has been called ever since. Captain Smith died in London, 
in the year 1631, at the age of fifty-two. 

12. After Smith's departure from Jamestown the Indians 
/ became hostile, provisions were scarce, and jiiaii^jiied of starva- 

^ ^ tion. In six months they were reduced from four hundred and 
'j,^l^ I ninety to sixty. This was known as the starving-time. In the 
I midst of their despair a vessel with crew and passengers, who had 
wintered in the West Indies, appeared at Jamestown. The set^ 
tiers went on board with the determination of abandoning the 
settlement, and had actually set sail, when the arrival of Lord 
Delaware with a supply of provisions and more immigrants caused 
them to change their purpose and return to Jamestown. 

13. Under Delaware's administration the colony began to flour- 
ish ; but his health gave way, and he returned to England. He 
died at sea, when returning to Virginia, in 1617, near the bay 
which now bears his name. In May, 1611, Sir Thomas Dale was 
appointed governor, and in September of the same year Sir 
Thomas Gates came out as governor. He brought over with him 
six ships, three hundred immigrants, a large amount of provisions, 

the same year, what happened to Smith ? What was he obliged to do? Did 
he ever return to Jamestown ? What did he do in 1614 ? What did he call 
the country thus explored by him ? Where and when did Captain Smith 
die ? At what age ? 

12. What of the Indians after Smith's departure from Jamestown ? Give 
an account of the starving-time. What happened in the midst of their de- 
spair? What did the settlers do? What caused them to change their pur- 
pose ? 

13. What of the colony under Delaware's administration ? AVhy did he 
return to England ? When and where did Lord Delaware die ? Who was 
appointed governor in May, 1611? AV^ho became governor in September? 
Mention all that he brought with him. What was done by the charter of 
1612? 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 29 

and a number of cows, goats, and swine, the first introduced into 
the New World. In 1612 a third charter was granted the colony, 
by which the council in London was abolished, and the stock- 
holders were given power to regulate affairs themselves. 

14. In 1613, Pocahontas was stolen by a party of white men 
led by Captain Argall, and a large sum was demanded for her ran- 
som. This Powhatan refused to pay, and the colony was threat- 
ened with an Indian war. But hostilities were prevented by a 
marriage. A young Englishman by the name of Rolfe fell in 
love with Pocahontas and proposed to marry her. Powhatan 
consented. She embraced the Christian religion, was baptized, 
and soon after married. She accompanied her husband on a visit 
to England, where she died at the age of twenty-two, leaving one 
son, named Thomas. 

15. In 1614, Sir Thomas Dale was again appointed governor, 
and continued in office for two years. In the same year that 
Dale was appointed Tobacco began to be extensively planted by 
the colonists. We have seen that Sir Walter Raleigh and his 
companions had first carried the knowledge of this plant to Eng- 
land. Long before him, however, Columbus had noticed its use 
among the natives of Cuba. The plant is said to have received 
its name from the island of Tobago, one of the West Indies. 
The Virginia colonists found its cultivation very profitable, and 
began to raise great quantities of it. King James, of England, 
opposed its use ; but, in spite of his opposition, it soon became a 
regular article of commerce. 

16. In 1616, Mr. George Yeardley became governor, but at the 
end of a year was succeeded by Captain Argall, whose rule was 
so oppressive that the colonists requested his removal. This was 



14. What happened in 1613? Would Powhatan pay the ransom demanded? 
How was war prevented? Who married Pocahontas? What else can you 
tell of Pocahontas ? 

15. Who was appointed governor in 1614? Relatewhatis said about tobacco. 

16. What is said of Yeardley and Argall ? What did Yeardley do June 28, 
1619? What can you say of this assembly and the laws enacted by them? 

3» 



30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the same Captain Argall who had stolen Pocahontas from her 
father, and who destroyed the French settlements in Nova Scotia, 
by way of asserting- the English claim to the whole of North 
America. The request of the colonists for his removal from the 
office of governor was granted, and Yeardley was appointed his 
successor. He believed that the colonists ought to have a hand 
in their own government, and accordingly, June 28, 1G19, he 
called a colonial assembly to meet at Jamestown. This was the 
first legislative body composed of deputies elected by the people 
that ever assembled in America. These deputies were called 
Burgesses, and were chosen from the various plantations or 
boroughs. The laws enacted by them had to receive the sanction 
of the company in England, but in turn the orders from London 
had to be ratified by the assembly before they were binding on 
the colonists. These privileges were in 1621 embodied in a 
written constitution. 

17. During Yeardley's adminisiration the colony prospered 
greatly. Both banks of the James River were lined with settle- 
ments for one hundred and forty miles. For the sake of forming 
domestic ties young women of good character were sent over by 
the London Company as wives for the settlers. Each man, how- 
ever, had to pay for his wife the price of her passage, which was 
at first one hundred pounds of tobacco, but afterwards went up 
to one hundred and fifty pounds. The colonists having fiimily 
ties now became attached to their homes, and began to take pride 
in the name of Virginian. 

18. In the year 1620 some Dutch traders brought twenty 
negroes to Jamestown and sold them to the colonists. As their 
labor was found profitable more were brought over, and thus negro 
slavery was first introduced into America. The population of 
the colony was now upwards of two thousand. 

17. AVhat of the colony during Yeardley's administration ? Give an account 
of the forming of domestic ties. 

18. When was negro slavery first introduced into America? By whom? 
What was the population of Virginia at this time? 



SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 31 

19. In 1621, Sir Francis Wyatt beoame governor. There 
were now in Virginia about eighty settlements, and the colony 
was flourishing greatly, when a sudden and unexpected disaster 
befell the settlers. In 1622 the Indians, incited by their chief 
0-pe-chan-can-ough, the brother and successor of Powhatan, 
treacherously fell upon the whites, and slew three hundred of them 
in a single hour. It was their design to exterminate the colony, 
but the plot was revealed to the English by a friendly Indian, and 
a majority of the settlers were enabled to find refuge in James- 
town. The whites now lost all confidence in the Indians, and 
almost exterminated the tribe in the neighborhood of Jamestown. 

20. In 1626, Sir George Yeardley again became governor, but 
died the following year, and the council elected Francis West gov- 
ernor in his place. He was soon succeeded by Sir John Harvey, 
who, although exceedingly unpopular, was continued in oflice by 
the king until 1642, when Sir William Berkeley was appointed in 
his place. In 1644 the Indians, who had partly recovered from 
their overthrow after the great massacre of 1622, again fell upon 
the frontier settlements, and killed about three hundred of the 
inhabitants before they were repulsed. After a war of about two 
years their power was completely broken. Their aged chief 
Opechancanough was taken prisoner and died in captivity. The 
Indians were compelled to give up their lands and retire farther 
into the wilderness. After the restoration of peace the colony 
" flourished greatly, its trade increased, and more than thirty ships 
found employment in exporting its products." By 1648 the 
population of Virginia was twenty thousand. 

19. Who became governor of Virginia in 1621 ? Give an account of the 
Indian war of 1622. 

20. Give an account of changes in the office of governor. Tell about the 
Indian war of 1644. What became of Opechancanough their chief? What 
were the Indians compelled to do ? What of the condition of the colony after 
the restoration of peace ? 



32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER IV. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK BY THE DUTCH.— IT BECOMES 
A BRITISH COLONY. 




SEAL OP NKW YORK. 



1. In the year 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, who was 
in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovered and 
ascended the river which now bears his name. In consequence 
of his discoveries the Dutch laid claim to the country, and in 1610 
erected a fort near where the city of Albany now stands. They 
also built a few huts on Manhattan Island, between 1610 and 
1613, and some time afterwards called the town thus commenced 
New Amsterdam. To the country which they claimed they gave 
the name of New Netherlands. 

2. The English also claimed this region as a part of North 
Virginia, partly on the ground of the discovery of North America 
by Cabot, and also for the reason that Hudson was himself an 
Englishman. Accordingly, in 1613 they sent against the Dutch 
an expedition under Captain Argall, who subdued New Amster- 



1. What did Henry Hudson do in 1609? In consequence of his discoveries 
what did the Dutch do? Where did they erect a fort in 1610? What did 
they do between 1610 and 1613 ? What did they call the country ? 

2. Why did the English claim this region? What did they do in 1613? 
What happened soon after? 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORKS 33 

dam and made tlie Dutch j^overnor promise to pay tribute. Tlie 
governor, however, threw off the English yoke the next year, and 
the Datch remained undisturbed by the English for the next fifty 
years. 

o. The progress of the Dutch was not rapid, but their settle- 
ments were gradually extended from the Connecticut River to the 
Delaware. They had frequent disputes with their English neigh- 
bors, but sometimes received assistance from them in their con- 
tests with the Indians. 

4. Along the Delaware they had to contend against the claims 
of both the Swedes and the English. In 1651, Peter Stuyvesant, 
the Dutch governor, subdued the Swedish settlers on the Delaware 
and took possession of their settlements. 

5. In 16G4, Kobert Nichols, the deputy of the Duke of York, 
to whom the territory lying between the DelaAvare and Connecticut 
Rivers had been granted by his brother, Charles II., took possession 
of New Amsterdam and the Dutch province of New Netherlands 
in the name of the Duke of York, afterwards James II., of Eng- 
land. The English gave to the country the name of New York, 
which name they also gave to New Amsterdam. 

3. What can you say of the progress of the Dutch ? 

4. Against what did they have to contend along the Delaware ? What did 
the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, do in 1651 ? 

5. What did Robert Nichols do in 1664? What name did the English give 
to the country and city ? 



]# 



34 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 




LANDING OP THE PILGRIMS. 

1. The first attempt at settlement in the territory granted to 
the Plymouth Company was in the year 1607, near the mouth 
of the Kennebec River, in Maine, by forty-five persons, but re- 
sulted in complete failure, as did other attempts that were made 
after the publication of Captain John Smith's Map of New Eng- 
land, as he styled that part of North Virginia which he explored 
in 1614. 

2. The first colony successfully planted in New England was 
by the permission rather than by the active assistance of the 
Plymouth Company. This was in 1620, at Plymouth, in the 
limits of the present State of Massachusetts, by a religious sect 

1. When was the first attempt made to settle in the territory granted to the 
Plymouth Company, and with what result ? 

2. AVhen and where was the first colony planted in Massachusetts ? By 
whom ? Why was this name given to them ? Why were they also called 
Pilgrims ? What did they seek on the bleak coast of New England ? 



THE COLONY OF MASS A CHUSETTS. 35 

styled Puritans. This name was given to them in derision, on 
account of their rigid observance at all times of the forms of 
their religion. They were also called Pilgrims, because of the 
fact that they had so often been obliged by religious persecu- 
tion to change Xhair homes. They sought on the wild, bleak 
coast of New England what they prized above all things else, — 
freedom to worship God according to the dictates of their own 
conscience. 

3. They procured two vessels, the Speedwell and Mayflower, 
and set sail on the 22d of July, 1 620, but the Speedwell was 
soon found not to be seaworthy, and they were obliged to put 
back for repairs. On the 5th of August they again set sail, but 
a second time were .compelled to return to land. Finally, on the 
6th of September, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth with one 
hundred and one persons on board. Their destination was the 
mouth of the Hudson, but the captain of their vessel, whether 
ignoraritly or on purpose, conducted them to a much colder and 
more dreary region north of that river. After a voyage of sixtyr- 
three days they came in sight of land off" Cape Cod, and on the 10th 
of November they cast anchor. Before landing they drew up in 
writing a purely democratic form of government, and elected 
John Carver governor for one year. Several days were spent in 
searching for a suitable place to land. At last, on the 22d of 
December, they all came ashore amid a storm of snow and sleet. 
The rock on which they first stepped ashore has been ever 
«ince called " Forefathers' Rock." They named their settlement 
Plymouth, in honor of the place from which they had set sail. 



3. How many vessels did they procure ? Give an account of their efforts 
to set sail. From what place did they sail on the 6th of September, 1620? 
With how many persons ? What was their destination ? Where did the cap- 
tain of their vessel conduct them ? How long was their voyage? Where did 
they come in sight of land ? What did they do before landing ? How were 
several days spent ? When did they go ashore ? What has the rock on which 
they first stepped ashore been ever since called ? What did they name their 
settlement ? 



36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. The Puritans were industrious and spent no time in idle- 
ness. They immediately went to work felling trees, and on the 
third day they began to build. The winter was very severe and 
their sufferings were great. They were smitten down by disease, 
and by the 1st of April all but forty-six of the devoted band 
were dead. Among the dead were Governor Carver, his wife and 
son. Still they had no thought of abandoning their settlement. 
Religious freedom on that desolate shore was dearer to them than 
luxury in England without that freedom. 

5. It was well that in their feeble condition they were unmo- 
lested by the Indians. The tribe formerly inhabiting the place 
where they had landed had been destroyed by a pestilence. Early 
in the spring, a short time before the death pf Governor Carver, 
they were startled by the appearance in their midst of a solitary 
Indian, who saluted them in broken English with, " Welcome, 
Englishmen !" This Indian was Samoset, one of the leading men 
of the Wam-pan-o-ags, the nearest tribe to the Puritan settle- 
ment. He had somewhere previously met with the English, and 
had learned their language. On a subsequent visit he was accom- 
panied by Mas-sa-soit, his chief, who made a treaty of friendship 
with the English, which lasted for more than fifty years. Massa- 
soit taught the settlers how to cultivate maize or Indian corn, the 
first of which was planted in the month of May. 

6. After the death of Carver, William Bradford was elected 
governor, and gave such great satisfaction that he was continued 
in the office during the greater part of forty years. In Novem- 
ber, 1621, a ship arrived with thirty-five immigrants. During 

4. What was the character of the Puritans? What is said of the winter? 
To what number were they reduced by the 1st of April? What prominent 
persons were among the dead ? Did they have any desire to abandon their 
settlement? What was dearer to them than everything else ? 

5. What is said of the Indian tribe formerly inhabiting the place where 
they had settled? By what were they startled one day early in the spring? 
Who was this Indian ? By whom was he accompanied on a subsequent visit? 
Relate what is said of Massasoit. 

6. Who was elected governor after the death of Carver ? What can you say 



I'UE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 37 

this year other Indian chiefs followed the example of Massasoit. 
and made friends with the English, but Ca-non-i-cus, the chief 
of the Narragansets, sent as a declaration of war a bundle of 
arrows tied in the skin of a snake. Governor Bradford, in reply, 
sent the skin filled with powder and ball, and Canonicus concluded 
that he had better be quiet. 

7. In 1623 the Puritans became involved in an Indian war 
through the conduct of another small English colony which had 
been established at Weymouth, near Boston Harbor, and who 
had treated the Indians with so much harshness that a plot was 
formed for the extermination of the whites. The plot was re- 
vealed to the English by Massasoit the friendly chief, and Cap- 
tain Standish, taking with him eight men, fell upon the Indians 
unexpectedly and slew the principal instigators of the plot. The 
settlement at Weymouth was soon after abandoned. 

8. In 1624 other immigrants arrived, bringing with them cattle, 
swine, poultry, and provisions. The progress of the Plymouth 
Colony was slow. At the end of ten years the number of the 
settlers was only three hundred. 

9. In the year 1628, John Endicott with about one hundred 
colonists settled at Salem, and in the following year a charter Avas 
granted for the colony of Massachusetts. Soon after three hun- 
dred settlers embarked for the new colony, and new settlements 
were made at Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, Lynn, Rox- 
bury, and Boston. John Winthrop was elected the first governor 
of Massachusetts, and the government was at first a pure de- 
mocracy. . The colony of Massachusetts was separate and distinct 

of him ? What happened in November, 1621 ? What did other Indian chiefs 
do during this year? What of Canonicus, chief of the Narragansets? 

7. Give an account of Indian troubles. 

8. What did the immigrants who came over in 1624 bring with them ? What 
of the progress of the Plymouth Colony ? What was the number of the set- 
tlers at the end of ten years ? 

9. Give an account of other settlements. Who was first governor of Massa- 
chusetts? What was the government at first? Was it many years before 
Plymouth and Massachusetts became one colony ? 

4 



38 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



from that of Plymouth, and it was several years before the two 
colonies became one, under the name of Massachusetts. 




SKAL OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



CHAPTER VL 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND CONNECTICUT. 




SEAL OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



1. Though it is claimed that New Hampshire was founded in 
1622, yet the first permanent settlements were made in November, 
1629, one of them near the site of Portsmouth, and the other at 
the present town of Dover. After the death of Captain John 
Mason, the founder of New Hampshire, the colony languished, 
but in 1638 a new settlement was made at Exeter, by John 

1. When is it claimed that New Hampshire was founded? When were the 
first permanent settlements made ? Where ? AVhat of the colony after the 



SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 



39 



Wheelwright and sonic followers from Massachusetts, and in 1640 
another settlement was made at Hampton. 

2. Connecticut was first settled in 1633, near Hartford, by the 
Dutch, who laid claim to the Connecticut Valley. Shortly after, 
John Holmes and some traders from Plymouth sailed up the 
Connecticut River past Hartford, where the Dutch had planted 
some cannon and threatened to fire on them. The English, how- 
ever, defied them, and keeping boldly on, established a post at 
Windsor. In 1635, John Winthrop, the son of the governor of 
Massachusetts, erected a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut and 
called it Saybrook. The Dutch now yielded all claim to any part 
of Connecticut. 




SEAL OF CONNECTICUT. 



3. About one hundred emigrants came from Massachusetts into 
Connecticut in 1636. Some settled at Hartford, some founded 
Springfield, and others formed a settlement at Weathersfield. In 
1638 the colony and city of New Haven were founded by The- 
ophilus Eaton, who was elected governor, and continued in office 
for more than twenty years. 



death of Captain John Mason, the founder ? Where was a new settlement 
made in 1638 ? By whom ? What happened in 1640 ? 

2. When, where, and by whom was Connecticut first settled? What did 
John Holmes and some traders do? What did John Winthrop do in 1635 ? 
What did the Dutch now do ? 

3. What happened in 1636? What places did they settle? When were the 
colony and city of New Haven founded ? By whom ? How long did Eaton 
continue in office.' 



40 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. Tlicre were at this time in the territory now known as the 
State of Connecticut three separate political communities. These 
were Sajbrook, the Connecticut Colony, and the colony of New 
Haven. 



CHAPTER VIL 

SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 




SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND. 



1. The colony of Rhode Island was founded in 1G36, by Roger 
Williams, a native of Wales, and a minister of the Baptist denom- 
ination. When he first came to America he settled at Salem, in 
Massachusetts, but on account of his religious opinions he was 
banished by the Puritans, who had themselves come to America 
that they might enjoy freedom of conscience. Their reason for 
not wanting people of different views from their own to live among 
them was, that they feared there could be no peace in the colony 
unless all the settlers were of the same religious belief. This 
fear rendered them as intolerant as their bitterest persecutors in 
old England. 



4, How many political communities were there at this time in the territory 
now known as the State of Connecticut? Name them. 

1. When and by whom was the colony of Rhode Island founded? Who 
was Roger Williams? Where did he settle when he first came to America? 
Why was he banished from Salem ? Why did not the Puritans wish people 



SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 41 

2. For fourteen weeks did Roger Williams roam about in the 
wilderness seeking a suitable place for a settlement, receiving 
shelter and protection from the Indians, who loved him because 
he had taken pains to learn their language, customs, and manners, 
so that he might be the better able to preach to them the gospel 
of Christ. At last Williams selected a place for a settlement on 
the Pawtucket River, now called the Seekonk. This place lay 
within the territory of Gu-sam-e-quin, an Indian chief, who 
readily granted Williams permission to settle there. He imme- 
diately went to work and built him a house with his own hands. 
Here also a few friends joined him. But even here they were 
not allowed to rest in peace. They were ordered away by Gov- 
ernor Winslow, of the Plymouth Colony, and again set out in 
search of a resting-place. 

3. The resting-place was at last found in the territory of Ca- 
nonicus, the Narraganset chief, who through kindness and good 
will alone made to Williams a grant of land for a settlement near 
the mouth of the Moshassuck River. They were not again 
molested, and to his new settlement Williams gave the name of 
Providence, in gratitude for God's merciful providence over him 
in his distress. 

4. The population of the settlement was soon increased by 
emigrants from Massachusetts and from England. In 1638 some 
persons who had been banished from Massachusetts on account 
of their religious opinions obtained from the Indians, through the 
influence of Roger Williams, permission to settle at Newport, on 
the island of Rhode Island. 



of different religious views from their own to live among them ? What did 
this fear render them ? 

2. AVhy did the Indians love Williams ? What can you tell of his first 
settlement ? 

3. Where did Williams at last find a resting-place? What prompted the 
chief to give Williams a grant of land for a settlement? What did Williams 
namehis new settlement? 

4. How was the population soon increased ? What happened in 1638? 

4* 



42 HISTORV OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. In 1643, Williams went to England, and obtained a charter 
setting forth the boundaries of Rhode Island as they in the main 
still exist. On his return the people met, elected their officers, 
and in 1647 agreed on a set of laws granting perfect religious 
freedom to everybody, " the first legal declaration of liberty of 
conscience ever adopted in Europe or America." In 1663, Wil- 
liams obtained a charter from Charles II. for all the settlements 
within the limits of Rhode Island, under the name of " The 
English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 
New England." This charter remained the foundation of the 
government of Rhode Island for nearly two hundred years. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE WAR WITH THE PEQUODS.— NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERA- 
TION. 

1. In 1637 the colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts 
became involved in a war with the Pequods, a very powerful 
tribe of Indians. Cassacus, the sachem or chief of this tribe, 
formed the design of exterminating the English, and endeavored 
to secure the alliance of the chiefs of the Mohegan and Narra- 
ganset Indians. Roger Williams hearing of this, and forgetting 
all his wrongs, went in his canoe on a stormy night to see Canoni- 
cus, and though the messengers of Cassacus were present, he suc- 
ceeded in persuading the Narraganset chief to remain quiet. 

5. What did Williams do in 1643 ? What did the people do on his return ? 
On what did they agree in 1647? What can you say of these laws? What 
did Williams do in 1663? How long did this government remain the founda- 
tion of the government of Rhode Island ? 

1. In what war did the colonies of Massachusetts become involved in 1637? 
Give an account of the plot of Cassacus. What did Roger Williams do ? 
How did the Pequods commence hostilities? 



THE WAR WITH THE PE QUODS. 43 

The Pequods were thus compelled to fight alone. They com- 
menced hostilities by murdering about thirty colonists. 

2. The united forces of Massachusetts and Connecticut, num» 
bering between eighty and ninety English, and about seventy 
Mohegans under their chief Uncas, were placed under the com- 
mand of Captain Mason, of Connecticut. They were also joined 
by some of the Narraganset Indians. On the 20th of May, 
1G3T, the English and their Indian allies attacked the Pequods 
in their stronghold on the Mystic River, and after a desperate 
battle utterly defeated them, destroying their fort and burning 
their wigwams. Seven hundred of the Pequods were slain, and 
two hundred were captured. The captives were women and 
children. The loss of the English was only two killed and six- 
teen wounded. The captives were sold into slavery. Thus was the 
tribe of the Pequods exterminated, and their lands were divided 
among the conquerors. Cassacus, their chief, fled to the Mo- 
hawks, and was assassinated either by them or by one of his own 
men. 

3. The first American slave-ship was built at Marblehead, in 
Massachusetts, in 163G, and named the Desire. This ship brought 
the first cargo of slaves into Massachusetts in May, 1638. 
During the same year a college was founded at Cambridge, in 
Massachusetts, which now bears the name of Harvard University. 

4. In 1643 a confederation was formed between the colonies 
of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, 
under the title of " The United Colonies of New England." 
lihode Island was excluded on account of its relidon. 



2. Under whose command were the united forces of Massachusetts and 
Connecticut placed? Give an account of the fight at the Pequod fort. What 
was done with the Pequods and their lands ? 

3. Where and when was the first American slave-ship built, and when did 
it bring its first cargo? What college was founded at Cambridge, in Massa- 
chusetts, during the same year? 

4. What confederation was formed in 164:3? Why was Rhode Island ex- 
cluded ? 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. Under the articles of confederation the management of 
Indian affairs was given to a board of commissioners ; and it was 
not long before a very important duty devolved upon them. 
Uncas, the chief of the Mohegans, became involved in a war 
with Mi-an-to-no-mah, a chief of the Narragansets, and nephew 
of Canonicus. Miantonomah was defeated and taken prisoner, 
and his fate was referred to the commissioners. They decided 
that Uncas could do with his prisoner as he pleased, provided he 
did not torture him. Just as soon as Uncas had his victim beyond 
the border he struck a tomahawk into his head, and before life 
was entirely gone he tore a piece of flesh from the shoulder of 
his prostrate foe and ate it, " declaring that it made his heart 
strong, and was the sweetest morsel he ever ate." 

6. In 1662 the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut were 
united, under the name of Connecticut. The entire population 
of the New England Confederation was at this time something 
more than one hundred thousand. 

5. To whom was the management of Indian affairs given under the Con- 
federation ? Give an account of the quarrel between Uncas and Miantono- 
mah. What did the commissioners decide? What did Uncas do with his 
prisoner? 

6. What happened in 1662? What was the entire popuhit.jn of the New 
England Confederation at this time ? 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 



45 



CHAPTER IX. 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 




SEAL OP MARYLAND. 

1. Trading-posts were first established in the limits of Mary- 
land, in 1621, by Virginia settlers. William Clayborne, the agent 
of a company formed in England, tried to monopolize this trade, 
and obtained a license, under which for many years afterwards he 
claimed rights. 

2. In 1628, Sir George Calvert, whose title was Lord Baltimore, 
visited Virginia with the design of founding a colony somewhere 
within its limits ; but he abandoned this project, because he found 
that the government of Virginia was intolerant towards the religion 
of the Koman Catholic Church, of which he was a member. In 
1629 he explored the country along the Chesapeake Bay, and 
afterwards went to England and applied for a charter, which was 
finally obtained. He was, however, prevented from carrying out 
his purpose by death. 

1. When and by whom were trading-posts first established in the limits of 
Maryland? Who tried to monopolize this trade? 

2. Who visited Virginia in 1628 with the design of establishing a colony 
somewhere in its limits? Why did he abandon the project? What did he do 
in 1629 ? AVhat did he do afterwards? How was he prevented from carrying 
out his purpose ? 



46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. His son and heir, Cecil Calvert, whose title was also Lord 
Baltimore, carried out the purpose for which the charter was ob- 
tained. The charter of Maryland was the most liberal of all the 
original grants by the crown to the founders of settlements in 
America. It secured to the colonists all the essential rights of 
self-government, and contained a guarantee against taxation by 
England. One of the leading objects of Lord Baltimore in es- 
tablishing this colony was to furnish an asylum for the persecuted 
of all Christian churches. He called his colony Maryland, in 
honor of Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles L, King of Eng- 
land. 

4. In November, 1633, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, 
came over with about two hundred immigrants, consisting mostly 
of Roman Catholic gentlemen and their servants. They called 
their settlement St, Mary's. Towards the natives the settlers pur- 
sued a kind and liberal course, supplying them with clothes, hoes, 
axes, and knives. The Indian women taught the wives of the 
settlers how to make corn bread, and the warriors taught the men 
the forest sports. 

5. In 1635, William Clayborne, whose license to trade with 
the Indians had been made void by Lord Baltimore's charter, 
raised a rebellion. Clayborne was defeated and his men captured, 
but he himself managed to escape to Virginia. In 1642 he re- 
turned to Maryland and endeavored to incite the Indians to hos- 
tilities, but this trouble was soon suppressed. The uext year he 
succeeded in raising a more formidable rebellion, which kept the 



3. Who carried out the purpose for which the charter was obtained ? Tell 
all that is said of the charter of Maryland. What was one of the leading ob- 
jects of Lord Baltimore in establishing this colony ? What did he name the 
country ? In whose honor ? 

4. How many immigrants came over with Leonard Calvert in 1633? Who 
were they ? AVhat did they call their settlement ? What course did they pursue 
towards the natives? What did the Indian women teach the wives of the 
settlers ? 

5. Give an account of the troubles with Clayborne. What was the governor 
of Maryland forced to do? What became of the public records? When waa 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 



47 



colony in a state of confusion for three years. The governor was 
forced to flee to Virginia for protection, and the public records 
Were either lost or destroyed. In IG-tC the lawful government 
was restored. An act of amnesty was passed, and all offenders 
were freely pardoned. In 1649 the Assembly of Maryland 
passed a Toleration Act, securing to all Christians the liberty 
of worshipping Grod according to the dictates of their own con- 
science. 



CHAPTER X. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 




SEAL OF NEW JERSEY. 

1. New Jersey was first settled by the Danes in 1622, along 
the Delaware lliver, and also at Bergen. The next year the 
Dutch built a fort on the east side of the Delaware, to which they 
gave the name of Nassau. In 1640 the P]nglish attempted colo- 
nization, but they were opposed by both the Swedes and the Dutch, 
and their settlement was broken up. 

2. In 1664, Charles II., King of England, acquired the Dutch 
colony of New Netherlands, and made a grant of it to his brother, 

the lawful government restored? What act was passed? What can you say 
of the Toleration Act ? 

1. Give an account of early attempts to settle New Jersey. 

2. When Charles IL, King of England, acquired the Dutch colony of New 



48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the Duke of York. This grant embraced all the country lying 
between the Connecticut River and the Delaware. That part of 
it which now constitutes the State of New Jersey was granted 
by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 
It was called New Jersey as a compliment to Sir George Carteret, 
who had bravely defended the island of Jersey during the civil 
war in England. Settlements had already been made at Elizabeth 
and one or two other places, under licenses from the governor of 
New York. The first governor was Philip Carteret, brother of 
Sir George, and he was succeeded, in 1672, by a son of Sir George 
Carteret. 

3. In 1673 the Dutch recovered New York and New Jersey, 
but soon after restored them to the English. The Duka of York 
then had both provinces united into one, and appointed as governor 
Sir Edmund Andros, who was hated by the people aa a tyrant. 
In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to Edward 
Byllingc, an English Quaker, who transferred his claim to William 
Penn, between whom and Carteret New Jersey was divided, under 
the names of West Jersey and East Jersey. Burlington was set- 
tled in 1677, by four hundred English Quakers. In 1702 East 
and West Jersey were reunited and placed under one government 
with New York. New Jersey did not become a separate colony 
again until 1738, when Lewis Morris was appointed governor. 
In 1746 Princeton College was founded. 

4. Delaware derived its name from the river and bay which 
form its eastern boundary, and these, as has been before men- 
tioned, were named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of th« early 

Netherlands in 1664, what did he do with it? What did this grant embrace? 
To whom was that part granted which now constitutes the State of New 
Jersey? Why called New Jersey? Where had settlements already been 
made? Who was the first governor? By whom was he succeeded in 1072? 

3. What of the Dutch ? AVhat did the Duke of York do? Who was ap- 
pointed governor? What of him? Relate events from 1674 to 1702. What 
happened in 1702? When did New Jersey become a separate colony again ? 
Who was appointed governor? What college was founded in 1746? 

4, From what did Delaware derive its name? After whom were Delaware 



SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 40 

governors of Virginia.* The Butch made the first attempt to 
settle this section of country in 1632, near where Lewistown now 
stands, but a quarrel arose between the settlers and the Indians, 
and the little colony was exterminated. The first permanent Eu- 
ropean settlement in Delaware was made by the Swedes and 
Finns in 1638, at a place near the present city of Wilmington, 




SEAL OF PKLAW^RE. 

which they named Christiana, in honor of the infant queen of 
Sweden. To the colony itself they gave the name of New 
Sweden. In 1655 New Sweden fell under the dominion of the 
Dutch, and in 1664 it was seized by the English when they took 
possession of New Netherlands. In 1682 it was granted to Wil- 
liam Penn, who called it " The Lower Counties of Delaware." 
These Swedish settlements remained a part of Pennsylvania until 
1690, when the delegates from these " Lower Counties" to the 
Legislature of Pennsylvania formed a separate legislature for 
themselves, and Delaware, with the approval of William Penn, 
became a separate colony. 

* See Chapter III., thirteenth paragraph. 

River and Bay named ? What of the first attempt to settle this region of 
country ? By whom was the first permanent colony in Delaware made ? What 
name did the Swedes give to the colony ? Under whose dominion did New 
Sweden fall in 1655? By whom was it seized in 1664? To whom was it 
granted in 1682 ? What happened in 1690? 



50 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XI. 

SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 




SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. The first European settlements in Pennsylvania were made 
along the Upper Delaware, by the Swedes and Finns, in 1638. 
These settlements fell under the dominion of the Dutch in 1G55, 
and were seized by the English Duke of York in 1664. In the 
year 1681, Charles II., King of England, made a grant of all the 
country now known as Pennsylvania to William Penn. This 
grant was made to pay a debt which the English government had 
owed to Penn's father, who was an admiral in the British navy. 
Penn proposed to call the country thus granted to him " Sylva- 
nia," but the king called it Pennsylvania, which means Penn's 
Woodland. 

2. William Penn belonged to a sect of Christians styled by 
themselves Friends, but called by the world Quakers. This sect 

1. Where, by whom, and when were the first European settlements made in 
Pennsylvania ? Under whose dominion did they fall in 1655 ? By whom were 
they seized in 1064? What did Charles IL do in 1081? For what purpose 
was this grant made? What did Penn propose to call the country ? What 
did the king call it? 

2. To what sect of Christians did William Penn belong ? To what was this 
sect subject in England? What was Penn's desire? When did the first im- 



SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 

was subject to many anno3^ances and petty persecutions in Eng- 
land, and it was Penn's desire to found in America a place of 
refuge for his brethren. The first immigrants arrived in 1681, 
and Penn himself came over in 1682. Soon after his arrival he 
made a treaty with the Indians, and promised to treat them 
kindly. He kept his word, and as long as Quaker rule continued 
in Pennsylvania, which was seventy years, the peace was unbroken 
between the whites and Indians. Penn was dearly loved by the 
red men, who called him '' Onas," and thought that the best com- 
pliment they could pay a white man was to say that he was like 
Onas. 

3. In the latter part of 1682, Penn began to build a city on a 
tract of land lying between the Schuylkill and the Delaware 
Rivers. This place he called Philadelphia, or the City of Broth- 
erly Love. It grew very rapidly, and in three years had more 
than six hundred houses, while the colony had a population of 
eight or nine thousand. After Penn's death, in 1718, his sons 
ruled the colony through deputy-governors. This proprietary 
government lasted down to the Revolution, when the Common- 
wealth bought the claims of Penn's sons for S580,000. 

migrants arrive? When did Penn himself come over ? AVhat did he do soon 
after his arrival ? How long did Quaker rule continue in Pennsylvania? What 
of the peace between the whites and Indians during that time ? What did 
the Indians call Penn ? What was the best thing they could say of a white 
man ? 

3. What did Penn begin to do in the latter part of 16S2? What did he 
call his city? What does Philadelphia mean ? What of its progress ? What 
was the population of the colony in three years? How did Penn's sons rule 
the colony after his death ? How long did this government last? 



52 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XII. 

SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 




SEAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

1. The coast of the Carolinas was first explored by the French 
in 1563. They called the country Carolina, in honor of Charles 
IX., King of France. There is very little resemblance in sound 
between Charles and Carolina ; but Carolus is the Latin name for 
Charles, and it is from Carolus that Carolina is derived. The 
French settlements in Carolina were soon abandoned. 

2. We have already seen that Sir Walter Raleigh made an at- 
tempt to found a colony near the mouth of the Roanoke River 
in 1585 ; but this first attempt of the English to settle within the 
present limits of the United States was a failure, and it was many 
years before another attempt was made to colonize this region. 

3. Between the years 1640 and 16-13 numbers of persons from 
Virginia settled the neighboring portions of North Carolina. 

1. By whom and when was the coast of the Carolinas first explored ? What 
did they call the country? AVhat of the French settlements in Carolina? 

2. What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh's attempt to make a settlement 
near the mouth of the Roanoke River in 1585? 

3. What happened between the j'cars 1640 and 164.3? Who claimed juris- 
diction over the settlements? Whom did he appoint governor ? What did 
be call the colony? 



SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



53 



Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, claimed jurisdiction over these 
settlements, and appointed William Drummond governor. He 
called the colony Albemarle, in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. 
4. In 1663, Charles II., King of England, conveyed the whole 
country between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth degrees of north 
latitude to eight noblemen, who were joint proprietors, with 
power to settre and govern. Under this charter a colony was 
planted near the mouth of the Cape Fear River, to which the 
name of Clarendon was given, and Sir John Yeamans was ap- 
pointed governor. There were thus established in the limits of 




SETTLERS FLEEING FROM THE INDIANS. 

North Carolina two separate colonies, Albemarle and Clarendon, 
each having its own governor. This arrangement occasioned 
trouble, and the two colonies were, in 1670, united under one 
government, with the name of North Carolina. 

5. From 1670 to 1695 the progress of the colony was slow, 

4. What did King Charles II., of England, do in 1663? What was done 
under this charter ? When were the two colonies united, and under what 



5. What of the state of affairs between 1670 and 1695 ? When John Arch- 

5* 



54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

owing to bad government and frequent revolts. In 1695, John 
Arclidale, a Quaker, became governor, and succeeded in restoring 
comparative quiet. In 1705, Thomas Carey was appointed gov- 
ernor, but soon after Edward Hyde was appointed in his place, 
whereupon Carey incited a rebellion, which was not entirely sup- 
pressed until 1711. 

6. In 1712 the Tuscarora and Coree Indians, having formed a 
conspiracy to destroy the whites, took the settlers by surprise, and 
killed a great number of men, women, and children. The militia 
of the country assembled as soon as possible, and kept the In- 
dians in check until assistance could be obtained from South 
Carolina, when the savages were completely defeated. 

7. The progress of North Carolina was so slow that for forty- 
one years the increase in population amounted to only six hun- 
dred. At length, the advantages of the soil and climate having 
become known, immigrants from other countries rapidly poured in, 
and by 1775 the population of the colony was one hundred and 
eighty-five thousand. 

dale was appointed governor, in 1695, what did he succeed in doing? Who 
was appointed governor in 1705 ? When Edward Hyde was appointed in his 
place, what did Carey do ? 

6. Give an account of the Indian war. 

7. Describe the progress of North Carolina. 



SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



55 



CHAPTER XIII. 

SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 




SEAL OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 



1. The first En2:lisli settlement in South Carolina was made at 
Port Royal, in 1670, but the next year the settlers removed to 
the western bank of the Ashley River, and commenced building a 
town. Finding that the site was not well chosen they removed to 
Oyster Point, formed by the junction of the Ashley and Cooper 
Rivers, and there laid the foundations of the city of Charleston. 
This was in 1080. 

2. The first governor of South Carolina was William Sayle, who 
came over with the first settlers in 1G70, but died soon after his 
arrival, and was succeeded by Joseph West. Negro slavery was 
introduced into South Carolina by Sir John Yeamans, who came, 
in 1671, from Barbadoes with fifty families and nearly two hun- 
dred slaves. Soon after his arrival he succeeded Joseph West, 
and continued to act as governor until 1674, when Joseph West 
again became governor, and held the office for eight years. It 

1. Mention the first English settlements in South Carolina. When were 
the foundations of the city of Charleston laid ? 

2. Who were the first governors? By whom was negro slavery introduced 
into South Carolina? During whose administration was Charleston founded? 



56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was during West's second term as governor that the city of 
Charleston was founded. 

3. Between the years 1G82 and 1G8G there were no less than 
five governors over South Carolina. In 1686 the Spaniards laid 
waste the settlements of Port Royal. Joseph Martin, who was 
at that time governor, determined to retaliate by attacking the 
Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, in Florida, but was prevented 
from carrying out his plan by the proprietors, who, under the 
grant from Charles II., had control of both North and South 
Carolina. During the year 1686 large numbers of Protestant 
refugees from France settled in South Carolina. 

4. Between 1686 and 1695 the government of South Carolina 
was subject to frequent change, and for a part of the time the 
colony was in a very disturbed state. In 1695, John Archdale, 
a Quaker, was appointed governor. He was at the same time 
governor of North Carolina. The following year he was succeeded 
by Joseph Blake. 

5. In 1702 war broke out between England and Spain, and the 
English settlers of Carolina became involved in hostilities with the 
Spaniards of Florida. James Moore, who was then governor of 
South Carolina, fitted out an expedition of twelve hundred colonists 
and friendly Indians, and sailed against St. Augustine, but was 
unable to take the fort at that place, and was obliged to raise the 
siege. In 1705, Governor Moore made an expedition against the 
Appalachee Indians beyond the Savannah, burned their towns and 
villages, killed several hundred of them, and obliged the others to 
submit to the English government. The next year a fleet of 
French and Spanish vessels appeared before Charleston, but they 
were easily repulsed. 



3. How many governors were there between 1682 and 1686 ? Give an ac- 
count of troubles with Spain. Who settled in South Carolina in 1686? 

4. What can you say of the condition of things between 1686 and 1606? 
Who became governor in 1695 ? Who succeeded him ? 

5. What war broke out in 1702? Give an account of Governor Moore's 
expedition against the Spaniards in Florida. Give an account of his expedi- 



A 



AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 57 

6. In 1712 South Carolina became involved in a war with the 
Tuscarora and Coree Indians, who, as was mentioned in the last 
chapter, had made an attack upon the settlers of North Carolina. 
Charles Craven, at that time governor of South Carolina, sent to 
the assistance of the North Carolinians a force of six hundred 
militia and nearly four hundred friendly Indians, under the com- 
mand of Colonel Barnwell. After a fatiguing march of two hun- 
dred miles through the wilderness Barnwell's command came up 
with the Indians, and inflicted upon them a bloody defeat, driving 
them to their breastworks, where the Indians were again defeated 
with great slaughter. The loss of the Tuscaroras was estimated 
at nearly one thousand, while the loss in Barnwell's command was 
five white men killed and several wounded, besides thirty-six 
friendly Indians killed and between sixty and seventy wounded. 
The Tuscaroras were forced to submit for a while, but soon after 
renewed the war. They were again terribly defeated by Colonel 
James Moore, after which the survivors abandoned their country, 
and, going to the North, joined the confederacy of the Five Nations. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 

Vtrffinia. 

1. During the whole period of the civil war which broke out 
in England in 1642, between the king, Charles I,, and the Parlia- 
ment, Virginia sided with the king, and after the execution of 
Charles, in 1649, the Virginians acknowledged his young son as 

tion against the Appalachee Indians. What was the result of an attack on 
Charleston by the French and Spanish fleets ? 

6. What war broke out in 1712? Give an account of Barnwell's expedition. 
What else of the Tuscaroras? 

1. During the civil war in England between King Charles I. and his Par- 
C* 



58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

their sovereign. Commissioners were sent by the Parliament to 
reduce the colony to submission. Governor Berkeley proposed 
resistance, but was not sustained by his council. The colony sub- 
mitted to the government of Cromwell on the condition that the 
Virginians should enjoy such " freedoms and privileges as belong 
to the free-born people of England." The commissioners, Bennet, 
Clayborne, and Curtis, in concert with the House of Burgesses, 
or Virginia Assembly, organized a provisional government for the 
colony. Bennet, a Puritan merchant, was elected governor. The 
right of election to all offices was declared to be in the House of 
Burgesses, and after the death of Cromwell they exercised this 
right by replacing Sir William Berkeley as governor in 1660. 
Charles, who was then in exile, was invited to come over and be 
king of Virginia. From this incident in her history Virginia 
received the name of " The Old Dominion." Soon after this 
Charles II. was restored to the throne of England. 

2. In 1660 certain laws called " Navigation Acts" were passed 
by the English Parliament. The object of these laws was to give 
England complete control of the trade of the colonies. The 
colonies were not allowed to send their products anywhere but to 
England, or buy goods anywhere but in England, or transport any 
merchandise in anything but English vessels. By way of com- 
pensation for these severe restrictions the colonies were allowed 
the exclusive privilege of supplying England with tobacco, but 
this privilege did not compensate for the burdens imposed by the 



liament, which broke out in 1642, what did the Virginians do ? What did they 
do after the execution of the king? What was done by the Parliament? On 
what condition did the colony submit ? What did the commissioners do in con- 
cert with the House of Burgesses? Who was elected governor? Where was 
the right of election to all offices declared to be ? How did the House of 
Burgesses exercise this right after the death of Cromwell? What invitation 
was extended to Charles II. ? What name did Virginia receive on account of 
her loyalty ? 

2. What laws were passed by the English Parliament in 1660? What was 
the object of these laws? Give a full account of these laws. Was Virginia's 
petition for relief granted? 



AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 59 

Navigation Acts, and the discontent of the people was general. 
Virginia petitioned for relief, but in vain. 

3. The discontent was increased by grants of land made by the 
king to his favorites, which infringed on the rights of the Vir- 
ginians. A war which broke out with the Susquehanna Indians 
in 1GT5 added to the distress and increased the discontent of the 
people. Sir William Berkeley, the governor, who had hitherto 
been quite popular with all classes, was accused of " wanting 
honesty to resist the aggression of the mother-country, and cour- 
age to repel the Indians." These charges were chiefly made by 
Nathaniel Bacon, an intelligent and ambitious young lawyer, who 
had emigrated to Virginia in 1673. Bacon was chosen their 
leader by the people, who, in a tumultuous assembly, elected him 
general. Bacon therefore applied to the governor for a commis- 
sion, and being refused, raised a rebellion, during the course of 
which Jamestown was burned, and many depredations were com- 
mitted. The governor's forces were defeated or dispersed, and 
troops were sent out from England to his assistance. But the 
rebellion was suddenly ended by the death of Bacon. Most of 
his followers were captured, and twenty were executed. Berkeley 
was denounced for his severity, and returned to England to an- 
swer charges against him. He died soon after his arrival without 
seeing the king. " The old fool," said the king, " has taken away 
more lives in that naked country than I for the murder of my 
father." 

4. During the reign of William and Mary in England Virginia 
prospered greatly. Under the administration of Francis Nicholson 
a college was founded, which was named the College of William 
and Mary. Nicholson transferred the seat of government to 
Williamsburg, which he laid out in the shape of the letter W. 

3. How was the discontent increased? What added to the distress? Of 
what was Sir William Berkeley accused ? Give an account of Bacon's rebel- 
lion. How many of his followers were executed ? What of Berkeley in Eng- 
land? What did the king say of him ? 

4. What of affairs in Virginia during the reign of William and Mary? 



GO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

9 

5. In 1714, under the leadership of Governor Spottswood, the 
mountains of Virginia were crossed, and the beautiful valleys 
beyond were made known. On his return. Governor Spottswood 
presented each of the companions of his journey with a golden 
horseshoe as a memento of the expedition. 

3Ia7yland. 

6. At the close of the civil war in England, which has already 
been mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter, discord 
reigned in Maryland on account of the contests between the 
Puritans and Catholics. These were brought about in the fol- 
lowing manner : Bennet and Clayborne, as commissioners of the 
Parliament, altered the government, and intrusted it to a board 
of ten. Many Puritans had immigrated to the province, and 
when, in 165-1, they got control of the new Assembly, they dis- 
franchised the Catholics. This led to civil war, which lasted 
until 1658, when a compromise was effected, and Fendall, the 
proprietary governor, was acknowledged. After the death of 
Cromwell the representatives of Maryland asserted the supreme 
authority of the people and the allegiance of their colony to King 
Charles II. On the re-establishment of royal authority in Eng- 
land the rights of Lord Baltimore were confirmed. In 1662 
Charles Calvert was sent out as governor by his father, and under 
his wise rule the colony flourished. 

7. Maryland was made a royal province in 1691, during the 
reign of William and Mary, and the rights of Lord Baltimore 

5. Give an account of Governor Spottswood's expedition in 1714. What did 
he do on his return ? 

6. What caused discord in Maryland just after the close of the civil war in 
England? How were these brought about? How long did the civil war in 
Maryland last? What did the representatives of Maryland do after the denth 
of Cromwell ? What happened on the re-establishment of the royal authority 
in England? What of the rule of Charles Calvert? 

7. When was Maryland made a royal province ? When was the proprietary 
government restored ? How long did it continue ? 



AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 61 

were annulled. These rights were restored to the fourth Lord 
Baltimore in 1715, and the proprietary government continued 
until the Revolution. 

New England Colonies and New York. 

8. In 1675 the New England colonies became involved in a 
war with the Indians. This war is known as King Philip's War. 
Philip was son and successor of Massasoit, who had been the life- 
long friend of the English, but Philip did not share his fiither's 
friendly feelings. He was jealous of the increasing power of the 
whites, and was also actuated by a desire to avenge the death of 
his brother and others of his tribe, who had been executed by 
the Endish for the murder of a Christian Indian who had told 
the colonists that Philip was conspiring against them. 

9. Philip succeeded in uniting the Narragansets and the Nim- 
pucks with his own tribe, the Wampanoags, in a conspiracy for 
the extermination of all the New England settlements. The war 
began by an attack upon Swanzey, in Plymouth. Many of the 
towns were surprised and burned and their inhabitants slaughtered. 
The town of Hadley, surprised while the inhabitants were at 
church, was saved by the sudden appearance of a venerable 
stranger, who rallied the whites and led them to victory. Imme- 
diately after the fight he disappeared. At first the people thought 
he was an angel who had been sent for their deliverance, but it 
was afterwards ascertained that he was General GoiFe, one of the 
judges who had condemned Charles I., and had fled from Eng- 
land on the restoration of his son, Charles II., to the throne. 

10. After spreading terror through the towns and villages of 
New England, Philip was defeated in a furious attack on Hatfield, 



8. In what war did the Xew England colonies become involved in lfi75? 
Who was Philip ? What was the cause of his hostility to the whites ? 

9. What tribes did Philip succeed in uniting against the whites? How did 
the war begin? Give an account of the attack on the town of Hadley and 
of the stranger who came to its rescue. 

10. What did Philip do after his defeat at Hatfield ? Give an account of 

G 



62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and fled into Rhode Island to the Narragansets, who gave him 
shelter. In December, 1675, fifteen hundred men invaded the 
territory of the Narragansets. The Indians had a fort in an al- 
most inaccessible swamp, and had collected there three thousand 
warriors. Here the whites attacked them, and after a desperate 
battle the Indians were utterly defeated, with the loss of one thou- 
sand men. This was a crushing blow to the Indians, for in addi- 
tion to the great number slain, all their wigwams and their winter's 
supply of provisions were destroyed. Canonchet, the chief of the 
Narragansets, was captured, and soon after put to death because he 
refused to make peace. Philip, however, escaped, and in the spring 
the war was renewed by him, and desolation carried to within 
twenty miles of Boston. 

11. But all Philip's desperate efforts were of no avail. At 
last, defeated and hunted from place to place, he fled to his old 
haitnts, near Mount Hope, in Rhode Island. To add to his dis- 
tress, his wife and son were captured, A few days after (August, 
1676), he was surprised by his enemies in a swamp, to which he 
had fled for refuge, and was shot by a faithless follower who had 
deserted to the whites. His head was cut off and sent to Plymouth, 
atid there exposed on a gibbet. Philip's son, wh3 was only nine 
years of age, was taken to Boston, where he was condemned by 
the authorities to be sold as a slave in the Bermudas. This was 
an act of great barbarity, and was an exhibition of the grossest 
ingratitude ; for though Philip had done the colonists much harm, 
yet Massasoit, the grandfather of the boy, had befriended and 
sheltered the settlers at Plymouth when they were few and 
feeble. 

12. During this war six hundred of the inhabitants had been 

the battle at the Indian fort. What can you say of this blow ? What can 
you say of Canonchet? What of Philip ? 

1 1. To what place did Philip flee after several defeats ? What added to his 
distress ? Give an account of his death. What was done with Philip's son ? 
What do you think of this act ? 

12. Mention the loss to life and property during King Philip's War. What 
of the New England Indians? How long did peace last? 



AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. G3 

slain, twelve or thirteen towns had been destroyed, a heavy debt 
had been contracted, and the wealth of New England had been 
greatly diminished. But the New England Indians were completely 
subdued. From the close of King Philip's War in 1676 until 1688 
the New England colonies enjoyed repose. In 1688 began the first 
of a series of wars between England and France, in which their 
respective colonies in America became involved. But we will treat 
of these wars in a subsequent chapter. 

13. In 1684, Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, in con- 
junction with Lord Effingham, governor of Virginia, made a treaty 
with the powerful Indian confederacy known as the Five Nations. 
This treaty embraced all the English settlements and all the In- 
dian tribes in alliance with the Five Nations. It was long and 
faithfully adhered to, and was of gTeat advantage to the English, 
for the friendship of the Five Nations and their allies proved a 
barrier against the encroachments of the French. 

14. In 1684 the New England Confederation, which had been 
formed in 1643, ceased to exist, for Charles II. annulled the 
charters of all the New England colonies. James II., who came 
to the throne of England in 1685, appointed Joseph Dudley to 
take charge of the government of Massachusetts, Maine, Ply- 
mouth, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. He was superseded in 
1686 by Sir Edmund Andros, and New York and New Jersey 
were added to the jurisdiction of the New England colonies. 
Andros was an infamous tyrant and was universally detested. He 
broke up the governments of the various New England colonies, 
beginning with Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 

15. In 1687, he went to Hartford, where the Assembly was 

13. What happened in New York in 1684? What did this treaty embrace? 
How was it of advantage to the English? 

14. What of the New England Confederation in 1684? Who was appointed 
by James II., in 1685, to take charge of the government of Massachusetts, 
Maine, Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Connecticut? What happened in 1686? 
What of Andros? What governments did he break up ? 

15. Give an account of the preservation of the charter of Connecticut. 
When were their charters restored to the New England colonies ? 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in session, and demanded the charter of Connecticut. The de- 
mand was evaded until night. After the candles were lighted, 
the charter was brought in and laid upon the table. Before 
Andros could take it up the lights were suddenly put out, and 
when the candles were relighted the charter was gone. One of 
the patriots had carried it off. It was concealed for a time in the 
hollow of an oak, which for more than a century was pointed out 
as the Charter Oak. After the expulsion of James 11. from the 
throne of England and the accession of William and Mary 
Andres was removed from power, and their charters were restored 
to the New England colonies. 

16. By a new charter granted in 1691 the colonies of Ply- 
'mouth and Massachusetts were made one, under the name of 

Massachusetts. The district of Maine was at the same time 
added to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 

17. In 1692 there broke out in Salem, Massachusetts, a won- 
derful delusion called the Salem Witchcraft. After much innocent 
blood had been shed the people awoke to reason, and many who 
were under sentence were liberated. 

South Carolina. 

18. In 1715 South Carolina became involved in a war with 
the Yemassees, a strong and warlike tribe on the southwestern 
border of the colony, next to the Savannah River. They were 
jealous of the whites, and determined to destroy them. They 
succeeded in uniting with them in this purpose all the tribes of 
Indians from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Florida. 

19. Hostilities commenced by an attack upon Pocotaligo, in 
which ninety persons were killed. The people of Port Royal 



16. When were the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts united? What 
district was added to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts? 

17. Give an account of the Salem Witchcraft delusion. 

18. In what war did South Carolina become involved in IHo? What reason 
prompted the Yemassees to bej^in the war? What did they succeed in doing? 

19. How did hostilities commence? IIow did the jieople of Port Ptoyal 



AFFAIRS IN SEVERAL COLONIES. 65 

were warned in time, and made their escape to Charleston by 
means of a vessel that happened to be in the harbor. Several 
persons living in the country who were not in time to embark 
were either killed or captured. The war was waged even towards 
the borders of North Carolin?, and fears were entertained for the 
safety of Charleston itself. Governor Craven ordered out every 
man under arms, and even armed some of the most trusty of the 
slaves. Craven himself marched directly against the enemy, at the 
head of two hundred and forty men, and ordered Colonel Mackey 
to raise as large a force as possible and proceed by water to meet 
him at Yemassee town. The intended junction of forces did not 
take place, but the governor encountered the enemy, numbering 
five hundred, on the Combahee River, and defeated them, while 
Mackey captured an Indian town and also a fort, and inflicted 
much damage on the savages. 

20. Though the Indians were checked in these two battles, 
they met with some successes on the northern borders of the colony. 
They succeeded in leading Captain Thomas Barker, at the head 
of ninety men, into an ambush, where he and several of his men 
were slain. They also attacked a force of seventy white men and 
forty negroes, who had thrown up a breastwork on one of the 
plantations and resolved to defend themselves. After ftiiling in 
several assaults on this small field-work, the savages pretended to 
treat for peace, and when the garrison were thus thrown ofl" their 
guard, made a sudden and unexpected attack, captured the breast- 
work, and put most of its defenders to death. Shortly after. Cap- 
tain Chicken, of the Groose Creek militia, attacked the Indians, 
and in a desperate fight, in which he proved himself to be true 
game, defeated and drove them back, thus making the province 
secure on the north. 

escape? What became of several persons living in the coun:ry ? What was 
the extent of the war? What did Governor Craven do? What of the battle 
between his forces and the enemy ? AVhat did Colonel Mackey accomplish ? 

20. Where did the Indians meet with some success? Give an account of 
the attack on Captain Tiarker, and on the party who had thrown up fortifica- 
tions on one of the plantations. What did Captain Chicken do shortly after? 

6* 



66 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



21. JMeanwhile, the whole country was deserted to within twenty 
miles of Charleston, and many feared the destruction of the 
province, for the enemy numbered between eight and ten thou- 
sand warriors, while South Carolina was able to bring into the 
field only about twelve hundred men capable of bearing arms. In 
this emergency Governor Craven sent an agent to New England 
to purchase arms, and applied to Virginia for aid. At the same 
time he invaded the enemy's country. Lieutenant-General James 
Moore and Colonels John Barnwell and Alexander Mackey were 
chosen to lead the Carolina troops. At length the Indians were 
completely defeated and driven beyond the Savannah River. The 
Yemassees after their complete defeat took up their abode in 
Florida, and never again attempted to renew the war. South 
Carolina now enjoyed a long interval of repose. 



CHAPTER XV. 

SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 




SEAL OF GEORGIA. 



1. A CHARTER for the establishment of the colony of Georgia 
was obtained from George II., King of England, in June, 1732. 
At first it embraced a territory between the Savannah and the 



21. What of the whole country in the mean while? Why did many fear the 



destruction of the 



province . 



What did Governor Craven do in this emer- 



gency ? Who were chosen to lead the Carolina troops ? What was the result 
of the war ? What did the Yemassees do after their defeat? 



SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 67 

Altamaha Rivers, but after the cession of the Spanish possessions 
of East and West Florida to England by the treaty of 1763, the 
boundaries of Georgia were extended to the Mississippi River 
on the west, and on the south to latitude 31° and the St. Mary's 
River, thus embracing not only the present State of Georgia, but 
also most of what now constitutes the States of Alabama and 
Mississippi. The Georgia of Oglethorpe's time was the district 
between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. 

2. The object of the founders of Georgia was to establish a 
barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards on the 
province of South Carolina, and at the same time to provide a 
home for the poor of Great Britain, and a place of refuge for the 
Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the Continent of Europe. 

3. James Edward Oglethorpe, a man of great talent and be- 
nevolence, and of considerable military experience, was selected 
by the trustees to take charge of the affairs of the new colony, 
and in November, 1732, he set sail from England with one hun- 
dred and sixteen emigrants. In January, 1733, after a voyage 
of nearly two months, they arrived in the harbor of Charleston, 
where they were received with the greatest kindness by the Caro- 
linians and their governor, Robert Johnson. The Carolinians 
furnished them with provisions and stock, and also with vessels to 
convey additional supplies to the Savannah River. They also 
sent along a company of soldiers to protect them against the In- 
dians until they could build houses and fortifications. 

4. After leaving Charleston the new settlers went to Beaufort, 

1. When was a charter obtained from George II. for the establishment of 
the colony of Georgia? What did it embruce at first? How were the boun- 
daries of Georgia afterwards extended ? What was the Georgia of Ogle- 
thorpe's time? 

2. State in full the object of the founders of Georgia. 

3. Who was selected to take charge of the affairs of the new colony ? When 
did he set sail from England ? Who accompanied him ? When did they reach 
Charleston ? How were they received ? With what did the Carolinians fur- 
nish them ? What did they send along with them? 

4. Where did the new settlers go after leaving Charleston ? What did Ogle- 



68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in South Caroliiui. Here Ogletliorpe left the party and ascended 
the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw Bluff, which spot he 
selected for his settlement. On the 1st of February the colonists 
arrived, and the first house was commenced on the 9th. Ogle- 
thorpe called the new town " Savannah," from the name of the 
river on whose banks it was situated. 

5. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, a tribe of Indians who 
lived near by, immediately sought an alliance with Oglethorpe, 
who made a treaty with him. The chief presented Oglethorpe 
with a buffalo robe, on the inside of which were painted the head 
and feathers of an eagle, and said, " The feathers of the eagle are 
soft and signify love ; the buffalo skin is warm and is the emblem 
of protection. Therefore love and protect our little ftunilies." 
Oglethorpe also made treaties with the Creeks, the Muscogees, 
and even with the Cherokees of the mountains and the Choctaws 
on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. 

6. In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival 
of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany, who had been driven 
from their homes by the most terrible persecutions. They settled 
in a portion of Georgia now known as Effingham County, at a 
place which they called Ebenezer, or the " Stone of Help," ex- 
pressing by this name their gratitude to God for their final deliver- 
ance from all their enemies. 

7. Oglethorpe also established settlements in other portions of 
Georgia. A company of Scotch Highlanders was located at Darien, 
a company of immigrants was settled at Frederica, on St. Simon's 
Island, and trading-posts were established at Augusta. In Feb- 
ruary, 173G, two hundred immigrants came over to Georgia, among 



thorpe do here? When did the colonists arrive at Yamacraw Bluff? What 
did Oglethorpe call his new town ? 

5. Relate the interview between Tomochichi and Oglethorpe. AVith what 
other Indians did Oglethorpe make treaties? 

G. How was the colony strengthened in March, 1734? Whore did these 
Salzburgers settle ? Why did they call their settlement Ebenezer? 

7. In what other portions of Georgia did Oglethorpe establish settlements? 
What happened in February, 1736? For what did the two Weslcys come? 



SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 69 

whom were the celebrated founders of Methodism, John and 
Charles Wesley, who came to preach the gospel to the Indians and 
also to the settlers. In 1738 there came to Georgia another emi- 
nent minister, afterwards celebrated in the great Methodist move- 
ment, the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony 
several years, and during his stay founded the Orphan House at 
Bethesda, a few miles from Savannah. 

8. The Spaniards, who had established their first permanent 
settlement in Florida, in 1565, at St. Augustine, claimed the 
territory of Georgia as their own, and regarded its colonization by 
the English as an intrusion upon their rights. They therefore 
resolved to expel the English from Georgia. In 1737, Oglethorpe, 
anticipating a war with Spain, went to England, where he raised a 
regiment of six hundred men for the defence of the colony. He 
was now appointed commander-in-chief of all the militia forces of 
South Carolina and Georgia. 

9. On the breaking out of the war in 1739, Oglethorpe invaded 
Florida at the head of two thousand men, consisting of his own 
regiment and the rest Carolinians and friendly Indians. Ogle- 
thorpe, however, found the Spanish fortifications at St. Augustine 
too strong for his small army, and returned to Georgia without 
accomplishing an3'thing. In 1742 the Spaniards invaded Georgia 
with a land and naval forcQ of three thousand men. In this 
emergency Oglethorpe was obliged to rely upon his own resources, 
for the Carolinians, provoked at his former failure, would give him 
no assistance. Accordingly, he prepared to make the best possi- 
ble defence with the forces at his command, numbering barely 
eight hundred men. 

10. No general engagement occurred, however, though a force 

Who came over in 1738? What did Whitefield do during his stay in the 
colony ? 

8. What can you say of the Spaniards? What of Oglethorpe? 

9. Wiiat of Oglethorpe's expedition in 1739? What did the Spaniards do 
in 1742? AYhat was Oglethorpe obliged to do? How large was the force 
under his command? 

10. Give an account of the battle of Bloody Marsh ? IIow was Oglethorpe's 



70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of three hundred Spaniards was defeated on St. Simon's Island 
by a far inferior force of English troops. In this affair, known as 
the battle of the Bloody Marsh, the Spaniards lost two-thirds of 
the number engaged. Oglethorpe now resolved to attack the 
Spaniards at night, but his plan was thwarted by a French soldier 
of his party, who, when they had come near the Spanish camp, 
fired off his musket and ran into the enemy's lines. Oglethorpe 
knew that this deserter would make known to the Spaniards the 
weakness of his force. He therefore resorted to a stratagem to 
deceive the enemy. He wrote a letter to the deserter asking him 
to urge the Spaniards to make an immediate attack upon Frederica, 
and if they would not do that, to persuade them to remain where 
they were three days longer, as he expected within that time six 
British men-of-war, with two thousand troops, from South Caro- 
lina. This letter was intrusted to a Spanish prisoner, who 
promised to deliver it to the deserter, but the prisoner delivered 
it, as Oglethorpe hoped he would, to the Spanish commander, 
who put the deserter in irons, considering him a spy. While the 
Spanish general was deliberating what was best to be done three 
vessels did appear in sight, which were sent, with troops on board, 
to the assistance of Oglethorpe by the governor of South Caro- 
lina. The Spaniards being fully convinced now that the letter 
was no stratagem, and that this was the very force mentioned in 
the letter, became panic-stricken, and, burning their fort, fled in 
such haste that they left behind their military stores and some of 
their artillery. 

11. In 1743, Oglethorpe returned to England, and a civil gov- 
ernment was substituted for the military government which had 
previously prevailed. In 17-47 the laws against the introduction 
of negroes into Georgia were repealed. 

plan for attacking the Spanish thwarted ? Relate Oglethorpe's stratagem for 
deceiving the enemy. When the Spanish commander got hold of Oglethorpe's 
letter, what did he do with the deserter? What convinced the Spaniards that 
the letter was no stratagem ? What did they then do ? 

11. After Oglethorpe returned to England in 1743, what happened? When 
was slavery introduced into Georgia? 



SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 71 

12. In the lattter part of 1747 the colony was threatened with 
a great danger. A man named Bosomworth, who had been a 
chaplain in Oglethorpe's regiment, had married an Indian squaw 
named Mary, who claimed to be queen of the Creeks. Bosom- 
worth, who was an unscrupulous man, set up a claim in behalf of 
his wife to all the islands and lands reserved by the Indians in 
their first treaty with Oglethorpe. In support of this claim 
Bosomworth and Mary marched at the head of a large Indian 
force upon Savannah, and threatened to exterminate the colonists 
unless their demands were complied with. But the firmness of 
the authorities saved the colony, and the Indians, after being de- 
prived of their leaders, were forced into submission. 

13. In 1752 the trustees to whom the charter for the estab- 
lishment of the colony of Georgia had been granted surrendered 
their rights under it to the crown, and Georgia became a royal 
province. In 1754, Captain John Reynolds, of the Boyal Navy, 
was appointed governor. The government of the colony was 
conferred on a legislature, in conjunction with the governor and 
his council. The legislature consisted of delegates elected by the 
people, but the governor and his council were appointed by the 
king. Under the royal government, which thus supplanted that 
of the trustees, Georgia began to flourish and to increase rapidly 
in population and importance. 

12. Give an account of the troubles with the Creeks led by Bosomworth and 
Mary. 

1.3. What did the trustees do in 1752? Who was appointed governor in 
1754? On whom was the government of the colony conferred? Of what did 
the legislature consist ? By whom were the governor and his council ap- 
pointed ? What else can you say of Georgia? 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 
Kiu^ WilUmns War. 

1. Teie rival claims of the Frencli and Eno^lisli in America 
were the cause of a series of wars, the first of which took place 
long before the events recorded in the last chapter. The first of 
these wars broke out in 1689, and was called King William's 
War. 

2. The war began in Europe between England and France, and 
extended to their respective colonies in America. The white 
population of all the French possessions in America at this time 
was only twelve thousand, not more than one-twentieth of that 
of the English settlements, but the French had a great number 
of Indian allies. The English settlers would have suffered far 
more from the attacks of the Indians than they did, if it had not 
been for the friendship of the powerful Indian confederacy 
known as the Five Nations, which was secured by the treaty 
made with them in New York in 1684. The same year that this 
treaty was made with the English, De La Barre, the French gov- 
ernor of Canada, invaded the territory of the Five Nations with 
seventeen hundred men, but his expedition was a complete failure. 
His successor, De Nouville, led a still larger army against the 

. 1. To what did the rival claims of the French and English in Americalead? 
When did the first of these wars break out, .and what was it called ? 

2. Where did the war begin ? Give the comparative population of the 
French and English possessions in America at this time. What was a great 
assistance to the English during these wars? AVhat can you say of the expe- 
dition of De la Barre against the Five Nations? What of De Nouville, his 
successor? How did the Indians retaliate? What did Count Frontenac, the 
successor of De Nouville, do? What did he succeed iu getting the Five Na- 
tions to do? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. ^73 

Five Nations, but was drawn into an ambuscade, and defeated 
with heavy loss. The Indians attacked the French settlements in 
Canada, and inflicted great damage on them. Count Frontenac, 
a skilful French ofiicer, who succeeded De Nouville, pursued a 
very different policy towards the Five Nations, and did all that he 
could to gain their good will ; and though he could not persuade 
them to break their treaty with, the English and become his allies, 
he did succeed in getting them to promise to remain neutral in 
the war which broke out in 1G89 between the French and Eng- 
lish in America. 

3. The war in America was begun by the Eastern Indians, who 
were allies of the French. Their first attacks were on the Eng- 
lish settlements in New Hampshire and Maine. They destroyed 
Dover, in New Hampshire, and carried off many of the inhab- 
itants to Canada as prisoners of war. They also captured Fort 
Pemaquid, and massacred most of the inhabitants living along 
Salmon Falls River and Casco "Bay, in Maine. The settlements 
in New York were next attacked. On the night of the 8th of 
February, 1690, a large party of French and Indians from Mon- 
treal surprised the village of Schenectady ; sixty persons were 
massacred, twenty-seven were captured, some escaped, and, half- 
clad, made their way through a blinding snow-storm to Albany, 
sixteen miles distant, while many others who attempted to do the 
same thing perished on the way. A party of young men and 
Mohawk Indians set out from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, 
and succeeded in killing and capturing twenty-five of them. 

4. An army was raised in New York and Connecticut for the 
purpose of avenging these and other atrocities, and marched, under 
the command of General Winthrop, against Montreal, while a 
fleet and army from Boston, commanded by Sir William Phipps, 
moved against Quebec. Both expeditions failed to accomplish 



.3. How did the war in America begin? Where were their first attaclis? 
What did they do in New Hampshire and Maine? Describe the attaclc on 
Schenectady, in New Yorli. 

4. What two expeditious were raised? What of these expeditions? What 
D 7 



74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

their object, though the force under Phipps did capture Port 
Royal, in Acadia. Near the close of 1691, Major Schuyler, who 
had great influence among the Indians of the Five Nations, per- 
suaded them to join him in an attack on the French settlements. 
He accordingly set out with a large body of colonial and Indian 
forces, but, after inflicting considerable damage on the French, was 
compelled to retreat. The colonies of New England and New 
York continued to suffer from the attacks of the French and 
Indians until 1697. 

5. In 1697 the French and their Indian allies attacked Haver- 
hill, in Massachusetts, and killed or captured forty persons. One 
thrilling incident connected with the attack on Haverhill should 
not be omitted. A Mr. Dustin was at work in his field, and learn- 
ing of the approach of the Indians, ran to his house and told his 
seven little children to run. His wife, who was sick in bed, urged 
him to save the children and leave her, as she could not possibly go 
with him. He did so; and by riding behind the children, who ran 
ahead, he succeeded in keeping the Indians in check with his gun 
until they reached a place of safety. The Indians went to the 
house, forced Mrs. Dustin to rise from her sick-bed, with an in- 
fant in her arms, and accompany them. Finding that she could 
not keep up, they seized the infant and murdered it before the 
mother's eyes. 3Irs. Dustin and the nurse, who had been cap- 
tured with her, were forced along until they reached an island in 
the Merrimac, a few miles above Concord. Mrs. Dustin learning 
that she was to be taken many miles farther, resolved to make 
her escape. So one night when the Indians were asleep she woke 
the nurse and a white boy, who was also a prisoner, and each 
taking a tomahawk from one of the sleeping savages, with their 
own hands they slew ten stalwart warriors, and, seizing on the 
canoe that had brought them thither, descended the Merrimac, 

place did the expedition under Phipps capture? Give an account of M.njor 
Schuyler's expedition. 

5. What happened in 1697 at Haverhill, in Massachusetts? Relate the 
adventures of the Dustin family. 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 75 

and were soon safe among the friends who had mourned them as 
lost. A granite monument erected on the spot in Boscawen, New 
Hampshire, commemorates this daring deed of the heroic Hannah 
Dustin. 

G. King William's War was ended in 1G97 by the peace signed 
at Ryswick, in Holland. By this treaty it was agreed that each 
side should have the same territory as before the war. 

Queen Anne's War. 

Y. In 1702 the peace of Eyswick was broken by a war between 
England on the one side and France and Spain on the other. The 
war soon involved the colonies in America, where it was known 
as Queen Anne's War. The brunt of this war was borne by the 
colonies of New England. New York was for the most part 
spared, because the French had made a treaty with the Iroquois, 
or Five Nations, and refrained from invading their territory. In 
New Hampshire and Massachusetts the war was characterized by 
the usual Indian barbarities. War was also carried on between 
the English of South Carolina and the Spaniards of Florida. 

8. In the first year of the war, as has already been mentioned 
in the chapter on South Carolina, Governor Moore led an unsuc- 
cessful expedition against St. Augustine, in Florida. He after- 
wards attacked and subdued the Indian allies of Spain living near 
Appalachee Bay. In 1706 an attack on Charleston by the French 
and Spanish fleets was repulsed. The real horrors of war were 
confined almost entirely to the New England colonies. In Feb- 
ruary, 1704, Deerjield., in Massachusetts, was surprised just before 
dawn, after the sentinels had retired from their posts. The mas- 

6. When was King William's war ended ? What was agreed by the treaty? 

7. What happened in 1702? What was this war called in America? By 
whom was the brunt of the war borne? Why did New York for the most 
part escape? How was the war in New Hampshire and Massachusetts charac- 
terized? Between whom was the war carried on in the South ? 

8. What of Moore's expeditions? What happened in 1700? Where were 
the real horrors of the war confined ? Describe the attack on Deerfield. 



•76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sacre was very much like that at Schenectady, New York, which 
occurred during King William's War. At the latter place the 
gate of the palisade surrounding the town was accidentally left 
open, and the Indians entered in that way. At Deerfield the 
savages got into the palisades by climbing up the snow-drifts, which 
reached to their tops, and before the alarm could be given were 
murdering and scalping men, women, and children. All that 
escaped immediate death were carried as captives to Canada. 

9. In 1707 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire 
fitted out an expedition against Port Royal, in Acadia. This ex- 
pedition was a failure, but in 1710 another attempt was crowned 
with success. Port Royal was taken, and a large part of Acadia 
became a British province, under the name of Nova Scotia, which 
means New Scotland. An attempt against Montreal and Quebec 
in 1711 resulted in failure. Queen Anne's AVar was ended in 
1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. The only gain to England was 
the conquest of Acadia, or Nova Scotia. 

10. Queen Anne's War had interrupted French progress in 
the West, but during the peace which followed French colonization 
was revived. In 1718 the city of New Orleans was founded and 
made the capital of all Louisiana, as the vast French possessions 
west of the Mississippi were called. Mobile, now the chief city 
of Alabama, had been founded in 1702, and was the capital of 
Louisiana until the founding of New Orleans. French progress 
in the valley of the Mississippi was slow. But in the Northwest 
the French were firmly establishing their power. They built Fort 
Niagara in 1728, Crown Point in 1731, and soon after established 
a post at Vincennes. By the middle of the century they had 
control of all the water-routes from the Great Lakes to the Gulf 



9. What of the expedition against Port Royal? What hnppened in 1710? 
How did the attempt in 1711 against Montreal and Quebec result? When 
and how was Queen Anne's War ended? What was the only gain to England ? 

10. What had Queen Anne's War interrupted? What happened in 1718? 
What city had previouslj' been the capital of Louisiana ? What of French 
progress in the valley of the Mississippi ? How were they establishing their 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 77 

of Mexico. They had mora than sixty military stations from 
Lake Ontario down the Illinois, Wabash, and Maumee Rivers to 
the Mississippi, and then down that river to New Orleans. The 
grand design of France was to found a mighty empire in the 
country watered by the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the 
Mississippi. 

King George s War. 

11. The progress of the French was interrupted by the out- 
break of King George's War in 174-1. This war, like both the 
others, began between the English and French in Europe, and 
extended to their colonies in America. The most important event 
of this war was the capture of Louishurg, on Cape Breton Is- 
land. It was captured June 17, 17-15, by thirty -two hundred 
New Englanders, led by General Pepperell, a native of Maine, 
assisted by a British fleet, commanded by Admiral Warren. The 
French made two attempts to reconquer Cape Breton, but failed. 
King George's War was closed in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle (aks-la-sha-pel). It was agreed that each party should 
restore all places taken. Accordingly, Louisburg and Cape Breton 
were restored to France. 

The French and Indian War. 

12. The peace which followed was of short duration, as might 
have been expected, for the boundaries of the French and Eng- 
lish in America had never been definitely settled, and besides, each 
nation aimed at the absolute dominion of all North America. The 
three previous wars grew out of disputes that originated in Eu- 
rope, but the last and greatest of the wars between France and 



power in the Northwest? Of what had they control by the middle of the 
century? AVhat of their military stations? What was the grand design of 
France ? 

1 1. What war broke out in 1744 ? Relate the leading events of this war. 

12. Why was the treaty which followed of short duration ? Out of what 
had the three previous wars grown ? Where did the last and greatest of the 
wars on this continent between France and England originate? What did 

7* 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

England on this continent originated in America. The French 
chiimed all the magnificent territory west of the Alleghanies, and 
for the purpose of confining the English to the country east of 
those mountains they had, as we have already seen, erected a 
chain of forts from Nova Scotia along the Great Lakes, and down 
the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. France based her claim 
on the ground of discovery and settlement, while England claimed 
all North America on the ground of its discovery by Cabot. 

13. The English made no attempt to settle west of the Alle- 
ghanies previous to 1752. In that year a company of English 
merchants and Virginia land speculators styled the Ohio Com- 
pany, who had, in 1749, obtained from the King of England a 
grant of a large tract of land on the east side of the Ohio River, 
sent agents, who established a trading-post at Redstone, now 
Brownsville, on the Monongahela, and commenced surveying the 
lands. These agents were seized by a party of French and In- 
dians and carried as prisoners to a French fort. Some Indians 
who were friendly to the English resented this treatment of their 
allies by seizing several French traders and sending them to 
Pennsylvania. Soon after the French began to build forts south 
of Lake Erie, against which Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, 
remonstrated, because this territory was within the original charter 
limits of Virginia. Governor Dinwiddie selected George Wash- 
ington, then only twenty-one years of age, to be the bearer of a 
letter to the French commander. 

14. George Washington, who afterwards led the armies of his 

France claim? What did they do for the purpose of confining the English to 
the country east of the Alleghanies ? On what did France base her claim ? 
Why did England claim all North America? 

1.3. What of the English previous to 1752? What happened in 1752? 
What was done to the agents of the Ohio Company? What did some Indians 
friendly to the English do? What did the French begin to do soon after? 
AVhy did Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, remonstrate against this? Whom 
did he select as the bearer of a letter to the French commander? 

14. Where and when was George Washington born ? What is said of him 
as a lad ? What else is said of him ? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 79 

country in tlie war for independence, was born in Westmoreland 
County, Virginia, on the banks of tjie Potomac, on the 22d of 
February, 1732. Even as a lad he was distinguished for his 
truthfulness and manly spirit. He was a surveyor at sixteen, and 
at nineteen was appointed adjutant of a military district with the 
rank of major. This rank he held wdien he was appointed by 
Governor Dinwiddle to be the bearer of the letter to the French 
commander. 

15. It was on the 31st of October, 1753, that Washington set 
out from AVilliamsburg on his journey of five hundred miles, most 
of it through a wilderness full of dangers. He reached the French 
commander in safety, and was kindly received by him ; but the 
letter w^hich was given him to bear back to Governor Dinwiddle 
contained a positive refusal to withdraw the French troops from 
the disputed territory. The French commander declared that he 
was acting under the orders of the governor of Canada, wdiom 
alone he was bound to obey. Washington, on his return, was ex- 
posed to great dangers. He was thrown from his raft by the 
drifting ice while crossing the Alleghany River, and narrowly 
escaped being drowned, and was once fired at by a treacherous 
Indian guide at a distance of fifteen paces ; but his life was pre- 
served by a kind Providence, and he reached Governor Dinwiddle 
in safety with the French commandant's letter, and with valuable 
information about the French forces and posts on the Mississippi. 

16. Governor Dinwiddle immediately sent a party of men to 
erect a fort at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
Rivers, where Pittsburg now stands. The French drove off this 
party, finished the fort themselves, and called it Fort Du Quesne 
(du kane). A regiment under Colonel Frye, with Washington as 

15. What can you say of Washington's journey ? How was he received by 
the French commander? What of the French commander's reply to Governor 
Dinwiddie? What did the French commander dechire? Describe the jicrils 
encountered by Washington on his homeward journey. 

16. When Governor Dinwiddie received the letter of the French commander, 
what did he do ? What did the French do ? What was sent into the disputed 
territory ? Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows. What fort 



80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

second in command, was marched into the disputed territory, when 
news reached them of this conduct of the French. Washington 
hastened forward with an advanced party, and coming up with a 
party of French under Joumonville, at a place called the Great 
Meadows, utterly defeated them, killing or capturing almost the 
entire party. At this place Washington erected a fort, which he 
named Fort Necessity. While waiting here for reinforcements 
Colonel Frye died, and Washington was now chief commander. 
He was soon joined by additional troops from New York and 
Carolina. His whole force now amounted to about four hundred 
men. Here, on the -Ath of July, 1754, he was attacked by fifteen 
hundred French and Indians under De Villiers, and after a gallant 
fight, found it necessary to accept the honorable terms of capitu- 
lation which were offiered by the French. With drums beating 
and colors flying the English marched out of Fort Necessity, 
leaving all the country west of the Alleghanies in the hands of 
the French. 

17. It was now evident that a mighty struggle was at hand, that 
bitter, desperate strife for the mastery of a continent, known as 
the French and Indian War. At this time the English colonies 
contained more than one million five hundred thousand inhab- 
itants, while the French settlements contained scarcely one hun- 
dred thousand. This estimate is, of course, exclusive of Indians. 

18. The British government advised the colonies to unite them- 
selves together for the common defence. Accordingly a congress, 
consisting of delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 



did Washington ereet? What occurred while they were waiting for reinforce- 
ments? By what was he soon joined ? What happened on the 4th of July, 
1754 ? What was left in the hands of the French ? 

17. What mighty struggle now began? What was the comparative white 
j)opulation of the English and French colonies in America at this time? 

18. What did the British government advise the colonies ? What States sent 
delegates to a congress of the colonies ? Where did the congress meet? Who 
drew up and presented a plan of union ? What of this plan? Why was it re- 
jected by the colonial Assemblies? Why rejected by the British government? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 



81 



land, was held at Albany, in New York. A plan of union was 
drawn up and presented by Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania. 
This plan was adopted by the congress on the 4th of July, 175-4, 
the delegates from Connecticut alone objecting. The plan of 
union was, however, rejected by the colonial assemblies, on the 
ground that too much power was given to the president-general of 
the confederation, and by the British government, because it was 
thought that too much power was assumed on the part of the re- 
spective colonial governments. It was resolved to carry on the war 
with British troops, aided by such forces as the colonies might sepa- 
rately furnish. The congress also made a treaty which secured 
the alliance of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, as they were now 
called, the Tuscaroras having been received into their confederacy. . 

19. All this time England and 
France professed to be at peace 
with each other, but kept sending 
over troops to the assistance of 
their colonies. In the spring of 
1755 the British government sent 
over two regiments of regulars 
with Grcneral Braddock, who was 
to be commander-in-chief of all 
the forces in America. General 
Braddock had a meeting with the 
colonial governors at Alexandria, 
in Virginia, and arranged a plan 
of campaign. Three expeditions 

were planned, one under Braddock himself against Fort Du 
Quesne, another under General Shirley, against Fort Niagara, 
and a third under Sir William Johnson, against Crown Point, 




GENERAL BRADDOCK. 



How was it resolved to carry on the war? With what Indian confederacy did 
the congress make a treaty? 

19. What did England and France profess all this time? But what did they 
do ? What did the British government do in the spring of 1755 ? What did 
General Braddock do ? How many expeditions were planned, and what were 
they ? AVhat did most of the colonies do ? 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on Lake Champlain. Most of the colonics raised troops, and 
voted money and supplies for these expeditions. 

20. While preparations were going on, it was determined to 
send an expedition against that portion of Acadia lying between 
Nova Scotia and Maine, and now known as New Brunswick. In 
this country the French had erected three small forts. A land 
and naval force sent out from Boston in May, 1755, made an 
easy capture of these forts. The French inhabitants of the 
country, the peaceful Acadians, were now cruelly torn from their 
homes, forced on board of British vessels, — in many instances 
husbands and wives, parents and children, separated from each 
other, — and distributed among the different colonies, to lead out 
miserable existence in exile or to die in despair. Neither Britain 
nor her colonies gained any honor by this act of cruelty. The 
sufferings of these Acadians have been commemorated in Long- 
fellow's beautiful poem, Evangeline. 

21. After some delay General Braddock's column of two thou- 
sand five hundred troops started from Alexandria. Washington 
went with the expedition as aide-de-camp to Braddock. Brad- 
dock was not accustomed to the Indian mode of fighting, and 
would not take the advice of Washington. On the 9th of July, 
when Braddock, with the advanced division, had reached a place 
about seven miles from Fort Du Quesne, the sudden war-whoop 
of the Indians and the whistle of bullets told the English that 
they had fallen into an ambuscade. The result was a disastrous 
defeat to the English. Braddock was among the slain. Wash- 
ington with a body of Virginia troops covered the retreat and 
saved the army from total destruction. The expedition was a 
failure, and the whole force retreated to Philadelphia. 

20. While preparations were going on, what was it determined to do ? What 
had the French done in this country? What of (he expedition against the 
Acadians? How have the sufferings of these Acadians been commemorated? 

21. What of General Braddock's column ? Who was aide-de-camp to Brad- 
dock ? What of Braddock's experience in Indian warfare ? Give the account 
of Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians, Who covered the retreat 
and saved the army ? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 83 

22. Creneral Shirley's expedition against Niagara accomplished 
nothing but the erection of two small forts on the east side of 
the river, in which garrisons were left. 

23. Sir William Johnson's column of six thousand men, whose 
destination was Crown Point, assembled at the head of boat navi- 
gation on the Hudson. After erecting at this place Fort Edward 
and leaving a garrison in it, Johnson moved forward to the south- 
ern end of Lake George. Baron Dieskau (dee-es-ko) moved out 
from Crown Point with nearly four thousand French, and en- 
countered Colonel Williams, who, with one thousand men, had 
been sent to watch the French. Williams's force was defeated 
and himself slain, as was also Colonel Hendricks, in command of 
the Indian allies. Dieskau pursued the fugitives, and came up 
with Johnson's main body. The French were now outnumbered 
in turn, and after a desperate fight, known as the Battle of Lake 
George^ were completely routed. The English, in the pursuit, 
came upon Baron Dieskau, who was wounded, and leaning against 
a tree. He put his hand to his pocket, feeling for his watch, for 
the purpose of surrendering it, when a British soldier, thinking 
that he was searching for his pistol, fired at and mortally wounded 
him. Though Johnson had defeated the enemy, he did not feel 
strong enough to attack Crown Point. He therefore built a fort 
on the battle-ground, which he called Fort William Henry. 
Leaving a garrison at this fort and one at Fort Edward, he returned 
to Albany and disbanded the remainder of the army. 

24. Up to this time war had not been formally declared between 
France and England, but in May, 1756, a formal declaration was 
made. The Marquis Montcalm was sent over to command the 

22. What of General Shirley's expedition against Niagara ? 

23. Describe the movenients of Sir William Johnson's column. Give an 
account of the battle of Lake George, Whj' did not Johnson attack Crown 
Point? What did he build? After leaving a garrison at this fort, what did 
he do ? 

2t. When was war formnlly declared between France and England? Who 
was sent over to command the French armies ? Who to command the English 
forces ? 



84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

French armies in America, and Lord Loudon was sent over to 
command the EngUsh forces. 

25. In August, Marquis Montcahn, with about six thousand 
French and Indians and thirty cannon, crossed Lake Ontario and 
besieged Fort Ontario, on the Oswego River. The garrison, which 
numbered about fourteen hundred men, retired to an old fort on 
the west side of the river, but on the 14th of August they wero^ 
compelled to surrender. The French could boast as their spoils a 
large amount of military stores of all sorts, about one hundred 
and thirty-five cannon, and several vessels. This was a severe 
blow to the English, and broke up the whole plan of campaign 
for the year. During the same month Colonel John Armstrong, 
with about three hundred men, marched against the Indian allies 
of the French living near the Alleghany Iliver, and inflicted con- 
siderable damage on them. 

20. The campaign of 1757 was a disastrous one to the English. 
The skilful and intrepid Montcalm, with ten thousand French 
and Indians, marched to Fort William Henry, in which was a 
garrison of twenty-five hundred men, and besieged it. At Fort 
Edward, fifteen miles distant, was an army of four thousand men 
under General Webb; but Webb was afraid to risk an attempt 
to relieve Fort William Henry, and, after a gallant fight, the gar- 
rison capitulated, on the promise of a safe escort to Fort Edward. 
No sooner had the evacuation of the fort commenced than the 
Indians began plundering the English, and slaying them if they 
resisted. In vain did the French officers attempt to restrain the 
Indians. The retreat of the English was turned into a flight, 
and the greater part of them were massacred. During the same 
summer Lord Loudon with a force of ten thousand men, con- 



25. Give <an account of Montcalm's victory at Fort Ontario. What efTect 
had this blow on the English plan of campaign? What did Colonel John 
Armstrong do during the same month? 

2fi. Give an account of the capture of Fort AVilliam Henry and the massacre 
which followed. What did Lord Loudon do during the same summer? To 
what conclusion did he come? What had he done? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA: 85 

sisting of British regulars and colonial troops, assisted by a fleet, 
went against Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, but got no farther 
than Halifiix, in Nova Scotia. There Lord Loudon concluded 
that he could not accomplish the object of his expedition, and 
returned without firing a shot. He had done nothing but prove 
his own unfitness for command, and had made himself the laugh- 
ing-stock of the colonies^ 

27. In the summer of 1757 the great statesman, William Pitt, 
afterwards Earl of Chatham, became prime minister of England. 
Under his lead affairs soon wore a brighter aspect. He removed 
Loudon from the command, and appointed General Abercrombie 
in his place, and prepared to carry on the war with great vigor. 
Twelve thousand additional troops were sent over from England, 
and the colonics were to furnish twenty thousand. When Aber- 
crombie succeeded Loudon he found himself in command of fifty 
thousand men, twenty-two thousand of them British regulars and 
twenty-eight thousand colonial troops. Three expeditions were 
planned: one against Louisburg, another against Crown Point 
and Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, and the third against Fort 
Du Quesne. 

28. In June, 1758, a large fleet under Admiral Boscawen, with 
twelve thousand troops brought from England, appeared before 
Louishiirg. The troops were under General Amherst, and the 
brave young General AVolfe was second in command. After 
making the best resistance in their power, the French garrison of 
six thousand men surrendered. Cape Breton, with a large 
amount of munitions of war, and Prince Edward Island fell into 
the hands of the English. 

29. While the English were successful at Louisburg, they met 



27. Who became prime minister of England in the summer of 1757 ? What 
was done under his lead? How many men did Abercrombie find himself in 
command of? What expeditions were planned ? 

28. What happened in June, 1758 ? Under whose command were the troops ? 
Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. 

29. Give an account of the exjieditior, against Ticonderoga. What of Geo- 

8 



86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

with a severe repulse at Ticonderoga. On the 5th of July, Grcn- 
cral Abercrombie crossed Lake George with an army of fifteen 
thousand men to attack Fort Ticonderoga. This fort was held 
by the Marquis Montcalm with only four thousand men, but the 
gallant Marquis was a host in himself He sallied forth, and 
skirmished with the English and delayed them as much as possi- 
ble. In this skirmishing the noble young Lord Howe, in whom 
the troops had great confidence, was slain. On the 8th of July, 
Abercrombie made a vigorous assault on Fort Ticonderoga, but 
was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, and fell back to 
the head of Lake George. From thence General Bradstreet, with 
three thousand colonial troops, was sent against Fort Frontenac 
(now Kingston), at the outlet of Lake Ontario. This fort was 
captured, and nine armed vessels, over fifty cannon, and a large 
quantity of stores and ammunition fell into the hands of the 
English. 

30. The expedition against Fort Du Quesne, consisting of nine 
thousand men under General Forbes, set out from Philadelphia in 
July. The French force at this point had been very much weak- 
ened, and when Colonel Washington, who was in advance with a 
brigade of Virginians, reached the fort, he found it abandoned 
and in ruins, having been set on fire by the French just before 
their retreat. Ere long a new fortress was erected on the spot 
and named Fort Pitt, in honor of the English prime minister. 
At that point now stands the flourishing city of Pittsburg. 

3L In 1759, General Amherst was appointed to command the 
English forces in America. The plan of campaign for this year 
was as follows : General Wolfe was to attack Quebec ; General 
Amherst was to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and unite 



eral Bradstroet's expedition against Fort Frontennc? Whnt fell into the 
hands of the English? 

.30. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. What was 
erected on the ruins of the French fort? What city now stands there? 

31. Who was appointed to comman 1 the English farces in America in 
1759? Give the plan of campaign for the year. What did AVolfe do? What 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 87 

his forces with General Wolfe ; and General Prideaux, with a 
third army, was to take Niagara and then march against Mon- 
treal. With a fleet of forty armed vessels, carrying eight thou- 
sand British regulars, Wolfe sailed up the St. Lawrence, and on 
the 27th of June landed at Orleans Island, a few miles below 
Quebec. His whole force, including the seamen on the ships, 
probably numbered ten thousand men. The French garrison of 
Quebec has been variously estimated at between ten and thirteen 
thousand men, but only t\yo thousand of these were regular troops. 
The rest were untried Canadian militia. 

32. The formidable movement against Quebec had caused 
Montcalm to weaken the garrisons at other points. The result 
was that General Amherst captured Ticonderoga in July and 
Crown Point the 1st of August. Fort Niagara was captured in 
July after a brief siege by Sir William Johnson, the successor of 
General Prideaux, who was accidentally killed during the siege. 
While the siege was going on a body of French and Indians at- 
tempted to relieve the place, but were routed with great slaughter, 
and the fort soon after surrendered. 

83. Meanwhile, General Wolfe was prosecuting the siege of 
Quebec. After being a month before the town he had accom- 
plished nothing. Chafing under the delay, he made an assault 
on the French lines between the St. Charles and the Montmorenci 
Rivers, but Avas repulsed with the loss of between five and six 
hundred men. Wolfe was now discouraged. No vulnerable 
point had yet been discovered, and no news was received of the 
approach of Amherst. In fict, that general, after the capture of 
Crown Point and Ticonderoga, had gone into winter-quarters^- 

did his whole force, including seamen, number? How has the French garri- 
son been estimated ? How many of them were regular troops ? 

32. What was the result of weakening the garrisons at other points? What 
of Fort Niagara? 

33. What was General Wolfe doing in the mean while? After being a 
month before the town and accomplishing nothing, what did Wolfe do? With 
what result? What discouraged Wolfe? Why did not Amherst appear? 
What happened one day as Wolfe was making a close examination of "the 



88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

At last one day, while making a close examination of the cliif 
above the town, the quick eye of Wolfe detected a narrow j)ath 
leading up from a sheltered bay, since called Wolfe's Cove. He 
immediately formed the plan of leading his army up that path by 
night, surprising the weak guard, and gaining a position which 
would place his whole force on the heights above the town. 
Could he accomplish this he felt that success was certain. But 
was it possible to do this ? He resolved to try. On the night 
of the 12tli of September the British army floated noiselessly 
down the river in boats, landed, and, ascending the rugged path, 
dispersed with a few shots the Canadian picket, and at dawn were 
drawn up in battle array on the Heights of Abraham. Mont- 
calm, though astounded at the news, did not lose the courage 
which characterized him. He led forth his army to meet the 
English. He had superior numbers on his side, but far the 
greater part of his troops were untrained Canadian militia, and 
were no match for British regulars. The battle was a desperate 
one. At last after hours of fighting the French were routed and 
driven into the city. General Wolfe was wounded early in the 
action, but continued to lead on his troops until he received a 
third and mortal wound. While in the agonies of death he heard 
a shout, " They run ! they run !" "Who run ?" he asked. " The 
French !" was the reply. " Now God be praised ! I die happy !" 
were the last words of the expiring hero. The brave Montcalm, 
who had been the prop and stay of the French cause in America, 
was also mortally wounded. He was carried into the city. When 
told that he must die, he replied, " So much the better, for then 
I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Five days af- 
terwards the city surrendered, leaving Montreal the only place of 
importance in Canada in the possession of the French. On the 

cliff above the town? What plan did he form ? What was done on the night 
of the 12th of September? What dd Montcalm do? What of Montcalm's 
forces ? What was the result of the battle ? Give an account of the death of 
Wolfe. What of Montcalm? What happened five days afterwards? What 
was now the only place of importance in Canada possessed by the French ? 



THE FRENCH WARS IN AMERICA. 89 

square bcfure the Castle of Saint Louis at Quebec there was 
erected many years after these events a monument to the joint 
memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. 

34. In the spring of 1760 the French attempted to retake 
Quebec, but failed. In September of the same year three large 
English armies were concentrated before Montroiil. Resistance 
was not to be thought of, and the French governor at once sur- 
rendered not only the city, but all Canada. As far as the fight- 
ing in America was concerned the war was ended ; but the war 
went on elsewhere between England on the one side and on the 
other France, assisted by Spain, which nation had rashly allowed 
herself to be drawn into the struggle. In September, 1760, war 
broke out in the Southern colonies with the Chcrokees, who had 
been up to that time the faithful allies of the English. The war 
was caused by the ill-treatment of some of their chiefs by Gov- 
ernor Lyttleton, of South Carolina. In this war Moultrie and 
Marion, afterwards so celebrated in the Revolutionary War, took 
quite a prominent part. After the Cherokees had been defeated 
in several battles and their country ravaged, they sued for peace 
and obtained it (1761). 

35. In August, 1762, Havana, the capital of Cuba, was con- 
quered from Spain. The French islands in the West Indies had 
already been taken by a British fleet. In 1763 peace was made. 
According to the terms of the treaty, France gave up to Eng- 
land all her possessions in North America east of the Mississippi, 
except the city of New Orleans. At the same time France ceded 

34. What happened in the spring of 1760? "What in September of the 
same year? "What did the French governor do? Did the close of the 
contest in America end the war? "What nation assisted France ? How was 
the war caused which broke out with the Cherokees in 1760 ? "VVho are men- 
tioned as taking a prominent part in this war ? "What did the Cherokees do 
after several defeats ? 

35. "What city was captured from Spain in August, 1762? "What of the 
French West India islands ? When was peace made ? What did France give 
up to England ? AVhat did France cede to Spain ? Why ? What did Spain 
cede to England ? How were the limits of Georgia extended at this time ? 

8* 



90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to lier ally, Spain, New Orleans and all her possessions west of 
the Mississippi, as an indemnification for the losses which Spain 
had suffered during the war. In exchange for the captured 
Havana, Spain ceded to England her possessions of East and 
West Florida. It was at this time that England extended the 
limits of the colony of Georgia to the Mississippi River on the 
west, and on the south to latitude 31° and the St. Mary's River. 

Pontine s War. 

36. The Indians of the Northwest regretting the departure of 
their old allies, the French, and jealous at the rapidity with which 
the fertile valleys beyond the Alleghanies were being filled with 
emigrants from the older settlements, under the leadership of 
Pontiac, a crafty and talented chief of the Ottawas, formed a plan 
for the extermination of the new settlers. Treacherous attacks 
were made on all the western border, and all the English posts in 
that quarter, except Fort Pitt, Fort Niagara, and Detroit, fell into 
the hands of the savages. Pontiac, failing to surprise Detroit, 
besieged it vigorously, showing remarkable skill and tact. Detroit 
held out until relief came from the East. In the summer of 
1764 most of the tribes becoming alarmed at the preparations of 
the English withdrew from the confederacy and made peace. 
Pontiac fled to the Illinois. While at a council urging the forma- 
tion of a new confederacy, he was stabbed by a, chief of the Peo- 
rian Indians, who had been bribed with a barrel of rum to commit 
this crime. 

37. At the close of the Ions; series of French and Indian wars 
everything seemed to promise a period of long-continued peace 
and prosperity, for the colonies were now relieved from all fear 
of French invasion in the North or Spanish interference in the 
South. 

o6. AVhat was the cause of Pontiac's War? Describe it. What did most of 
the tribes do in the summer of 17fi4 ? What became of Pontiac .'* 
37. What was the prospect now? 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 01 

Topical Reviaw of Part First. 

JDiscovert'es. 

1. On the 12tli of October, 1492, Columbus discovered the 
island of Gu-an-a-haii-i, or St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas. On 
the same voyage he discovered Cuba, which he supposed to be 
Japan, and Hayti, which he named Hispaniola, or Little Spain. 

2. On his second voyage he discovered Dominica, Porto Rico, 
and Jamaica. 

3. On his third voyage Columbus discovered the main land of 
South America, which he supposed to be Asia. 

4. America received its name from Americus Vespucius, a 
Florentine navigator. 

Exploitations and Settlements of the SjKiniards. 

5. Immediately after the discovery of America the Spaniards 
began to make conquests and settlements. 

In 1512, Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 

In 1513, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien, or Panama, 
and discovered the Pacific Ocean, and proved xlmerica to be a 
separate continent. 

From 1519 to 1521, Cortez achieved the conquest of Mexico. 

In 1528, De Narvacz attempted the conquest of Florida, but 
failed. 

In 1529, Pizarro and Almagro, in South America, conquered 
the vast empire of Peru. 

In 1539, Ferdinand De Soto landed in Florida and bcaan his 
adventurous march, which terminated on the MississipDi in 1541. 
In the waters of that river he was buried. 

The first voyage along the Pacific coast was made by Cabrillo, 
who sailed as far north as Oregon in 1542. 

In 1565, Melendez laid the foundations of >S'^. Avpistine, in 
Florida, the oldest town in the United States. 

In 1582, Espejo explored New Mexico and founded Santa Fe, 
the second oldest town in the United States. 



92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Before the close of the sixteenth century Spain had possession 
of the West Indies, Central America, Mexico, and Florida, and 
a large part of South America. Spain also claimed by right of 
discovery the greater part of the present Southern States of the 
American Union, and the Pacific coast by right of discovery. 

French Explorations and Settlements. 

6. In 1524, John Verazzani, a Florentine, in the service of the 
King of France, sailed along the coasts of North America from 
North Carolina to Nova Scotia. 

In 1534, Jacques Cartier explored and named the Gulf and 
River St. Lawrence. 

In 1562, John Ribault attempted a settlement at Port Royal, 
in South Carolina, but his attempt was a failure. 

In 1564, Laudonniere attempted a settlement on the river St. 
John, in Florida. This settlement was broken up in 1565 by the 
Spaniard Melendez. 

The first ])ermanent French settlement in America was made 
by De Monts and Champlain at Port Royal, in Nova Scotia or 
Acadia, as it was then called, in 1605. 

In 1608, Champlain established at Quebec the first permanent 
French settlement in Canada. In fifty years after his death 
Jesuit missionaries had penetrated the wilderness of the West, 
discovered the Great Lakes, and, sailing down the Mississippi to its 
mouth, had acquired for France the vast territory of Louisiana. 

English Explorations and Settlements. 

7. England claimed the exclusive right to plant colonies in 
North America, on the ground of Cabot's discovery of the con- 
tinent in 1497. 

In 1576, Martin Frobisher sailed in search of a northwest pas- 
sage to India, but did not succeed. 

In 1579, Sir Francis Drake explored the coasts of California, 
and discovered San Francisco Bay. From 1584 to 1587, Sir 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 93 

Walter Raleigli attempted settlements on the coast of Xortli Caro- 
lina, but failed. 

The Jirst permanent English settlement in North America was 
made in 1G07, at Jamestown, in Virginia, by immigrants under the 
direction of Sir Christopher Newport. 

8. In 1G09, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of 
the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hudson River. 
Between IGIO and 1013 the Dutch began settlements at Albany 
and New York. The Swedes also made settlements in Delaware, 
which they called New Sweden. 

t Conflicting Claims. 
European nations made explorations and 
discoveries in the region now known as the United States. 

TJie Spaniards claimed the greater part of the present South- 
ern States, under the name of Florida, and all the Pacific coast, 
under the name of New Mexico. 

The French claimed a large part of the Atlantic coast, all 
Acadia and Canada, and the whole Mississippi Valley, including 
all the region west of the Alleghanies. They called all this vast 
territory New France. 

The English claimed nearly the whole Atlantic coast, under the 
name of North Virginia and South Virginia. They also claimed 
that their boundaries extended west to the Pacific Ocean. 

The Dutch claimed the Atlantic coast from the Connecticut 
River to the Delaware, under the name of New Netherlands. 
The Swedish claim was soon yielded to the Dutch. 

These rival claims of the Spaniards, French, English, and 
Dutch led to frequent disputes and to several wars, which were 
frequently waged with a bitter and unrelenting spirit. 

Founding of the Colonies. 

10. The first settlement in Virginia was in 1607, at Jamestown, 
by English immigrants. 



94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York was first settled by the Dutch, who established 
trading-posts at the present cities of Albany and New York, 
between 1610 and 1613. It became a British colony in 1664. 

The first settlement in Massachusetts was at Plymouth, in 
1620, by English Puritans. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was 
established in 1628, also by English Puritans. In 1691 the two 
colonies became one under the name of Massachusetts. 

New Hampshire was founded in 1622, and the first permanent 
settlements were made in 1629, at Portsmouth and Dover. The 
settlers were from England and Massachusetts. 

Connecticut was first settled by the Dutch, in 1633, near Hart- 
ford. In 1635 the English seized it, and established the Connec- 
ticut Colony. In 1636 Saybrooke Colony was established, and 
in 1638 New Haven Colony. These three colonies were united, 
under the name of Connecticut, in 1662. Connecticut was set- 
tled by emigrants from other parts of New England. 

Rhode Island was founded in 1636, by Ptoger Williams, and 
settled by persecuted New Englanders. 

Maryland was founded in 1633, by persecuted Catholics from 
England. 

New Jersey was first settled by Danes, in 1622 ; soon after fell 
under the sway of the Dutch, and in 1664 fell under the dominion 
of England. 

Delaware was first settled by Swedes and Finns, in 1638, near 
the present city of Wilmington. In 1655 it fell under the 
dominion of the Dutch, and in 1664 was seized by the English. 
In 1682 it was granted to William Penn, and in 1690 became a 
separate colony. 

Pennsylvania was first settled by Swedes and Finns, in 1 638. 
It fell under the sway of the Dutch in 1655, and in 1664 was 
seized by England. It was granted to William Penn, who founded 
the colony of Pennsylvania, in 1682. It was settled by perse- 
cuted English Quakers. 

North Carolina was first settled between 1640 and 1643, 
by persons from Virginia. In 1663 the colonies of Albemarle 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 95 

and Clarendon were founded. In 1670 they were united into 
one. 

South Carolina was first settled by the English, in 1670, at 
Port Royal, and in 1680 Charleston was founded. It was settled 
by English immigrants and French Huguenots. 

Georgia was founded in 1733, by James Edward Oglethorpe. 
The first settlement was at Savannah, by English colonists ; after- 
wards peopled by Scotch, Swiss, and persecuted Protestants from 
Germany. 

11. All the colonies had more or less trouble with the Indians 
at various times, but their wars with the red men always ended 
to the advantao;e of the settlers. 



12. There were four of these wars. The first was King Wil- 
liam's War, which began in 1689 ; the second was Queen Anne's 
War, and began in 1702 ; the third. King George's War, which 
broke out in 1744 ; the fourth and greatest of them all was the 
French and Indian War, which commenced in 1754. 

13. The chief events of King William's War were the sur- 
prise and massacre by the French and Indians of the inhabitants 
of Dover, in New Hampshire, Fort Pemaquid, in Maine, Sche- 
nectady, in New York, and Haverhill, in Massachusetts, the 
failure of two English expeditions, one against Montreal, the 
other against Quebec, and the capture by the English of Port 
Royal, in Acadia, King William's War was ended by the treaty 
of Ryswick, in 1697. It had lasted eight years. All conquests 
made by either party were restored. 

14. Queen Anne's War began five years afterwards. Spain 
was an ally of France in this war. The chief events were an 
unsuccessful invasion of Florida by Governor Moore, of South 
Carolina, a subsequent successful attack made by the same gov- 
ernor on the Indian allies of Spain, the massacre of the inhab- 
itants of Doerfield, in Massachusetts, by the Indian allies of 
France, the failure of an English expedition against Port Royal, 



96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ill Acadia, in 1707, the success of a second attempt in 1710, when a 
great part of Acadia was conquered, and the failure of an attempt, 
in 1711, against Quebec and Montreal. The treaty of Utrecht, 
in 1713, ended Queen Anne's War. The only gain to England 
was the conquest of a large part of Acadia, henceforth called 
Nova Scotia. 

15. The chief events of King George's War, which broke out 
in 1744, were the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, 
by about three thousand New Englanders, led by General Pep- 
perell, aided by a British fleet under Admiral Warren, and the 
failure of two attempts made by the French to recapture it. This 
war was closed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. Louis- 
burg and Cape Breton were restored to the French. 

16. The French and Indian War began in 1754. The leading 
events of the campaign of 1754 were Washington's victory over 
the French under Jumonville, at Great Meadows, and his own 
defeat by a superior force of French and Indians at Fort Necessity. 

The chief events of 1755 were the conquest of New Bruns- 
wick by the English, the defeat of Braddock near Fort Du Quesne 
by the French and Indians, and Johnson's victory over the French 
under Dieskau, at Lake George. 

The only important event of 1756 was the capture by Mont- 
calm of Fort Ontario, near Oswego, with a vast amount of sup- 
plies, together with the garrison of about fourteen hundred men 
under General Mercer. 

The campaign of 1757 was disastrous to the English. Mont- 
calm captured Fort William Henry and its garrison of twenty- 
five hundred men, commanded by Monroe. Lord Loudon's ex- 
pedition against the French fortress of Louisburg amounted to 
nothing. 

The campaign of 1758 was more fortunate for the English. 
Louisburg was captured by an English army under General Am- 
herst, assisted by a fleet under Admiral Boscawen. Abercrombie, 
the commander-in-chief of the English, was repulsed in an assault 
on Ticonderoga, but General Bradstreet, one of his subordinates, 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FIRST. 97 

captured Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, on Lake Ontario). 
Fort Du Qucsne was captured by General Forbes, the French 
retiring on his approach. 

The campaign of 1759 was glorious for England and her colo- 
nies. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by General 
Amherst, the French retiring before him ; Fort Niagara was cap- 
tured after a brief siege by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec was 
captured by the English under General Wolfe, who died in the 
arms of victory. 

In 1760 the French were defeated in an attempt to recapture 
Quebec, and in the fall Montreal and all Canada were surrendered 
to the English. 

The French and Indian War was terminated in 1763 by the 
treaty of Paris. France gave up to England all her possessions 
in North America east of the Mississippi, except the city of New 
Orleans ; to Spain, who had been her ally during the war, she gave 
New Orleans and all her possessions west of the Mississippi. 
Spain gave np to England her possessions of East and West 
Florida. 

Pontiac's War. 

17. The Indians of the Northwest under Pontiac, regretting the 
departure of the French, made war upon the western English 
settlements in 1763, but after inflicting great damage were sub- 
dued in 1764. 

The supremacy of England on the North American Continent 
was now established, and the colonies looked forward to a long 
period of peace and prosperity. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO THE 
BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



CHAPTER I. 

DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-COUNTRY. 

1. At the close of the French and Indian War the feeling 
throughout the colonies was one of devoted attachment to Eng- 
land, the mother-country. The remembrance of their contests 
against a common foe, when British regulars and colonial troops 
marched side by side to battle and to final triumph, filled their 
hearts with pride, and they gloried in being British subjects and 
in sharing the liberties of English freemen. Little did they 
dream that their next straggle would be with England, which, as 
the mother-country, they regarded with filial love and loyalty. 

2. Had the British Parliament acted towards the colonies in a 
proper spirit, this feeling would have grown and strengthened. 
But Parliament soon adopted a policy which wrought a change in 
the feelings of the Americans. The French and Indian War had 
added largely to the already heavy debt of England, and Parlia- 
ment asserted that the colonies ought to bear their share of this 
debt, and claimed the right to tax them. This right the colonies 
denied, because they claimed that taxation and representation 



1. What was the feeling throughout the colonies at the close of the French 
and Indian War? 

2. What policy did the British Parliament soon adopt? What did Parlia- 
ment assert about the debt contracted during the late war? Why did the colo 
nies deny the right of Parliament to tax them ? 



DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-COUNTRY. 



99 



ought to go together, and deemed it unjust for a Parliament in 
which they had no voice to levy a tax upon them. 

3. In 1765 an act was passed by the British Parliament known 
as the Stamp Act, requiring all contracts, notes, bonds, deeds, writs, 
and public documents to be on government stamped paper. When 
the news of the passage of this act reached America it caused 
great excitement. 

4. Virginia was the firstto speak her condemnation. The Legisla- 
ture was in session when the news came. Patrick Henry introduced 




PATRICK IIENUy BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE. 



a series of resolutions claiming for Virginians all the rights of 
born British subjects, and asserting that the General Assembly of 

3. AVhat act was passed by Parliament in 1765? AVhat did it require? 
What did the news of the passage of this act cause in America? 

4. Give an account of what happened in the Legislature of Virginia. 



100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Virginia alone had the right to lay taxes on the people of that 
colony. He supported the resolutions by a speech burning with 
fiery eloquence. He closed with the words, " Tarquin and Caesar 
had each his Brutus; Charles I. his Cromwell ; and George III. — " 
" Treason ! Treason !" cried the Speaker of the House and several 
members, springing to their feet, but amid the wildest excitement 
the undaunted Henry finished his sentence — " may profit by their 
example," The resolutions were adopted by one majority, and 
had a wonderful eifect on the country. 

5. The Legislature of Massachusetts proposed that there should 
be a convention of delegates from all the colonies to meet in New 
York in October, the month before the Stamp Act was to go into 
eifect. This proposal of Massachusetts met with opposition until 
it was adopted by South Carolina, after which it grew in fiivor. 
In September the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed resolutions 
denouncing the Stamp Act. New York was outspoken, and the 
papers of that colony discussed the question boldly. Throughout 
all the colonies the people met and protested against the Stamp 
Act. Societies, styled Sons of Liberty, were formed everywhere, 
whose purpose was to resist the tyranny of the government. 
Stamp officers were frightened by them and compelled to resign. 
When the stamps came, they were either unpacked or seized and 
destroyed. The merchants of Philadelphia, Boston, New York, 
and other places agreed to buy no more goods from England until 
the Stamp Act was repealed. 

6. The First Colonial Congress met in the city of New York, 
on the 7th of October, 1765. Nine colonies were represented. 
It agreed upon a declaration of principles, and asserted the right 
of the colonies to be exempted from all taxes not imposed by 
their own consent. The Congress also adopted a petition to the 

5. What can you say of the proposal of the Legislature of Massachusetts ? 
What of the Legislature of Pennsylvania ? What of New York ? What did 
the people do throughout all the colonies ? What of the stamp officers ? What 
was done with the stamps? What did the merchants of Philadelphia, New 
York, Boston, and other places do ? 

C. Where and when did the first Colonial Congress meet? How many colo- 



DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-COUNTRY. 101 

king and Parliament. Wiien November 1 came, the day ap- 
pointed for the Stamp Act to go into effect, not a stamp was to 
be seen. All the stamp officers had resigned. 

7. British merchants injured by the loss of American trade 
petitioned Parliament to repeal the act. William Pitt, the Earl 
of Chatham, Burke, and Lord Camden earnestly plead the cause 
of the colonies. In March, 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed, 
but it was at the same time declared that Parliament had a right 
to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. 

8. The news of this repeal was received in America with great 
rejoicing. The old kindly feeling began to revive, and trade was 
resumed. 

9. The scheme of taxation was revived June 29, 1767, when 
an act was passed imposing a tax on all glass, paper, painters' 
colors, and tea imported into the colonies. Another thing which 
caused the most intense excitement was the passage of an act for- 
bidding the Legislature of New York to pass any act whatever 
until supplies should be furnished the royal troops at the expense 
of the colony. 

10. On the 1st of October, 1768, seven hundred British troops 
arrived in Boston, sent for the purpose of overawing the citizens. 
In February, 1769, Parliament passed a resolution approving the 
employment of force against the colonies, and requested the king 
to have the traitors (as they styled the leading patriots) carried 
to England for trial. The colonial Assemblies reasserted their 
rights, and denied the rioht of the king to take offenders out of 



nies were represented ? What did the Congress do ? What petition was 
adopted ? What happened when the 1st of November came ? 

7. What did British merchants do? AVho plead the cause of the colonies? 
What was done in March, 1766 ? 

8. How was the news of the repeal received in America ? 

9. When and how was the scheme of taxation revived ? What else caused 
great excitement? 

10. What happened on the 1st of October, 1768 ? What resolution did Par- 
liament pass in February, 1769 ? What did the colonial Assemblies do ? What 
of Virginia and North Carolina ? 

9* 



102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the country for trial. The AssembUes of Virginia and North 
Carolina made such earnest protestations that they were dissolved 
by the royal governors. 

11. On the 17th of January, 1770, a riot occurred in New 
York, because the soldiers provoked the " Sons of Liberty" by 
cutting down their liberty-pole. One citizen was killed and sev- 
eral wounded. In Boston, a dispute having arisen between some 
soldiers and citizens, the citizens were fired upon ; three were 
killed and several wounded. This aifair occurred on the 5th of 
March, and is known as the Boston massacre. The soldiers were 
tried for murder ; two were convicted of manslaughter, the rest 
were acquitted. 

12. In April, 1770, a bill was passed by Parliament repealing 
all the duties except that on tea. This exception was made 
merely for the purpose of asserting the principle that Parliament 
had a right to tax the colonies. But it was the principle that 
the colonies were opposed to ; so they resolved to import no 
more tea. 

13. In New York and Philadelphia the vessels containing the 
tea were not allowed to enter. At Charleston, South Carolina, 
it was landed and stored away in damp cellars and left to rot. In 
Boston a party of men, disguised as Mohawk Indians, went on 
board the tea-ships, broke open all the chests, and threw the tea 
into the sea. 

14. In 1774, to punish the city of Boston, Parliament passed 
the Boston port bill, closing that city as a port and removing the 
custom-house to Salem. The charter of Massachusetts was re- 
voked, and Gage was appointed military governor, and was author- 
ized to send criminals to England or to another colony for trial. 



11. What occurred on the 17th of January, 1770? Give an account of the 
Boston massacre, 

12. What bill was passed by Parliament in April, 1770? Why was the 
exception made on tea? What did the colonies resolve? 

13. What was done at New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Boston ? 
1-4. What did Parliament do in 1774 to punish Bo;t;jn and Massachusetts? 



DISPUTES WITH THE MOTHER-CO UNTRV. 103 

15. When the A^irginia Legislature heard of this action of Par- 
liament they protested against it, expressed sympathy for the 
people of Boston, and appointed the 1st day of June as a day of 
" fasting, humiliation, and prayer." Dunmore, the royal gov- 
ernor, immediately dissolved the Assembly, whereupon they ad- 
journed to a tavern, and there passed a resolution that " an at- 
tack on one colony was an attack on all." The cry now went 
throughout the colonies, " The cause of Boston is the cause of us 
all." The Legislature of Virginia advised that a general congress 
of all the colonies should be held at Philadelphia. 

16. This Congress met on the 5th of September, 1774. All 
the colonies were represented except Greorgia. That colony was 
so much at the mercy of the Indians on its northern and western 
borders, and was in such danger from the king's ships and sol- 
diers under Governor Wright, that the people had to act with cau- 
tion, though at the first opportunity they acted promptly. The 
Congress made a declaration of the rights of the colonies, drew 
up a petition to the king, and issued addresses to the British 
people, to the colonies, and to the province of Quebec. 

17. Early in 1775, Lord Chatham introduced a bill in Parlia- 
ment which he hoped would bring about a reconciliation, but he 
failed ; for the Parliament would listen to nothing but the absolute 
submission of the colonies. 



15. What did the Virg'nia Legislature do when they heard of this ? What 
did the royal governor do? What cry went throughout the colonies? What 
did the Legislature of Virginia advise? 

IG. When did this Congress meet? Who were represented? AVhat were 
the people of Georgia obliged to do on account of the exposed condition of the 
colony ? What did the Congress do? 

17. What did Lord Chatham do early in 1775 ? Why did he fail ? 



104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



CHAPTER 11. 

COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. By the 1st of April, 1775, three thousand British troops 
were assembled in Boston, under the command of General Gage, 
the military governor, who had quartered his soldiers in the 
State House, because the people had refused to furnish them 
with quarters. 

2. General Gage having heard that the patriots had collected 
some military stores at Concord, about sixteen miles from Boston, 
secretly sent eight hundred men on the night of the 18th of 
April to destroy these stores. 

3. The British troops, who were under the command of Colonel 
Smith and Major Pitcairn, expected to reach Concord and do the 
work assigned them before they could be molested by the bands 
of Minute-men who were scattered all over the country. But at 
five o'clock on the morning of the 19th of April, at Lexington, 
they encountered about seventy militia commanded by Captain 
Parker. Major Pitcairn rode up to the militia and ordered them 
to disperse. On their failure to do so, he fired his pistol at them 
and ordered his men to fire. They did so ; several of the militia 
were killed and the rest dispersed. The British troops then went 
on to Concord and commenced destroying the stores. Mean- 
while, the militia from all the country near Lexington and Con- 
cord had assembled, and soon their numbers were so large that 
they felt bold enough to make a spirited attack at Concord Bridge, 

1. How many British soldiers were in Boston by the 1st of April, 1775? 

2. What did General Gage do on the night of the ISth of April? 

3. Who commanded the British troops? What happened on the morning 
of the 19th of April? On the refusal of the militia to disperse, what did 
Major Pitcairn do? What was the result? What did the British troops then 
do? What happened in the mean while? Give an account of the retreat of 



WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 

soon after which the British began to retreat. But they found 
this no easy task. The American militia pressed close behind 
them, and the sturdy New England farmers hastening to the 
scene of conflict, under no organized command, but each man for 
himself, from every wood and fence and thicket poured in de- 
structive volleys from their old flint-locks, thinning the ranks of 
the foe and striking terror into their hearts, until the retreat be- 
came a rout. The whole British force would probably have sur- 
rendered had they not been met at Lexington by Lord Percy 
with nine hundred men. Under cover of these reinforcements 
they made their way back to Boston. The loss of the British in 
this afi"air, which is known as the battle of Lexington, was two 
hundred and seventy-three men, of whom sixty-five were killed. 
The loss of the Americans was about ninety men. 

4. The news of the battle spread like wildfire through all the 
surrounding country, and the militia from every quarter hastened 
to Boston. By the night of the 19th thousands were assembled 
around that city. Israel Putnam, a man noted for his valor 
during the late French war, was ploughing in his field when he 
heard the news. Leaving his yoked cattle in the field, he has- 
tened to the camp at Cambridge. The militia of Connecticut and 
Pthode Island hurried to the help of their brethren. The New 
Hampshire militia, under Stark, also came to their assistance. 
In less than a month twenty thousand men were encamped in the 
vicinity of Boston. A line of fortifications was run from Box- 
bury to the Mystic Biver, and the British were confined to the 
Boston peninsula. 

5. The excitement was not confined to the New England colo- 
nies. From Massachusetts to Greorgia the people were thoroughly 

the British from Concord. "What was the loss of each side in the battle of 
Lexington ? 

4. What effect had the news of this battle ? Relate the anecdote of Israel 
Putnam. What of the militia ? What happened in less than a month ? What 
of the British ? 

5. Was the excitement confined to New England? What happened at 



106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

aroused. At Savannah, Georgia, on the night of the 11th of 
May, a party of patriots broke open the powder-magazine, took 
out the powder, sent part of it to Beaufort, in South Carolina, and 
concealed the remainder in their garrets and cellars. Sir James 
Wright, the royal governor, offered a reward for the apprehension 
of the men who had done this, but the secret was kept by the 
Americans until they had use for the powder in defending their 
rights and property. 

6. At Charlotte, Mecldenhurg County, North Carolina, represen- 
tatives of the people met, and on the 31st of May made the First 
Declaration of Independence. But the other colonies were not at 
this time in favor of independence. They were only fighting for 
their rights as British subjects. 

7. Early in the spring the authorities of Connecticut fitted out 
an expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The com- 
mand was i>iven to Colonel Ethan Allen, who lived in the south- 
ern part of Vermont, which was not at that time a separate colony, 
but was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York. Col- 
onels Allen and Benedict Arnold set out on their important ex- 
pedition with the Connecticut militia and the " Green Mountain 
Boys." The British commander at Ticonderoga was completely 
taken by surprise. The first intimation of the approach of a foe 
was the noise made by Allen and his men as they rushed into the 
fort. To the request of the astounded Briton to know what this 
meant, Allen replied by demanding the surrender of the fort " in 
the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
As resistance was hopeless, the fort was surrendered. This was 
on the 10th of May, 1775. Two days later Crown Point was 
taken. Benedict Arnold was equally successful at Skenesborough, 

Savannah, Georgia, the night of the 11th of May? What did the royal gov- 
ernor do ? How long was the secret kept? 

6. What was done at Charlotte, North Carolina? Why did not the other 
colonies favor independence at this time ? 

7. What did the authorities of Connecticut do? Give an account of the 
taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by Ethan Allen. What did Benedict 
Arnold do ? What did the Americans secure by these captures ? 



WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 107 

now known as Whitehall, in New York. The Americans secured 
by these captures more than one hundred cannon and other valu- 
able military stores. 

8. On the 10th of May, 1775, the Second Continental Con- 
gress met at Philadelphia. There were delegates present from 
twelve colonies. Those from Georgia did not arrive until some 
time afterwards. One of the first things that this Congress did 
was to proclaim the reasons which prompted the colonies to take 
up arms. In stating these reasons they declared that they had 
" no wish to separate from their mother-country, but only to main- 
tain their chartered rights." They also voted an army of twenty 
thousand men and the issue of bills of credit to the amount 
of three million dollars. The forces in front of Boston were 
adopted as the Continental army. On the 15th of June, at the 
suggestion of the Massachusetts delegation, George Washington, 
at that time a delegate from Virginia, was appointed commander- 
in-chief, and was commissioned in the name of the United Colonies. 
John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was president of this Congress. 
The Congress also adopted a petition to the king, which he refused 
to receive. 

9. Meanwhile, important events were transpiring near Boston. 
On the 25th of May reinforcements for the British arrived in the 
harbor of Boston, under the command of Generals Howe, Clinton, 
and Burgoyne. The wdiole British force now numbered more 
than ten thousand men. 

10. On the 12th of June, General Gage issued a proclamation 
declaring those in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering par- 

8. When and where did the Second Continental Congress meet? What of 
the delegates from Georgia? In stating the reasons of the Americans for 
taking up arras what did the Congress say? What did they vote ? Who was 
appointed commander-in-chief? In whose name was he commissioned Who 
was president of this Congress? What did the Congress adopt? IIow did 
the king treat the petition ? 

9. What arrived in Boston on the 25th of May? Whnt did the whole 
British force now number ? 

10. What did General Gage do on the 12th of June ? 



108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

don to all who would lay down their arms, except Samuel Adams 
and John Hancock. 

11. In order to prevent the British from advancing into the 
country, the officers of the colonial forces determined to fortify 
Bunker Ifill, an eminence commanding the neck of the peninsula 
of Charlestown. Either by mistake, or because it suited their 
purpose better, the detachment under Colonel Prescott fortified 
Breed's Hill, an eminence nearer Boston. All night of the 16th 
of June the Americans toiled, and at dawn of the 17th the 
British generals were astonished to sae a breastwork about six 
feet high frowning down upon them from the opposite height. 
General Gage sent over in boats twenty-five hundred British 
regulars, under General Howe, to storm the intrenchment, behind 
which lay about fifteen hundred Americans under Prescott and 
Putnam. As the British advanced they burned the village of 
Charlestown. Every point in Boston, from which a view of the 
conflict could be had, was filled with anxious spectators, eagerly 
waiting to see how their farmer soldiers would stand the assaults 
of British regulars. According to the advice of Prescott and 
Putnam, the Americans waited in silence the approach of the 
British until they could see the whites of their eyes. Then they 
poured in such a volley that the advancing column broke and fled. 
Again the British formed and moved forward to the assault, but 
only to be driven back by the same withering fire. The Ameri- 
cans had, however, exhausted their ammunition, and when Gen- 
eral Clinton arrived with reinforcements, and the third assault 
was made, the British succeeded in entering the works. The 
colonial troops retired across Charlestown neck. Their retreat was 
covered by General Stark and his New Hampshire Boys, who 
disputed every step of the way. When the Americans reached 
Prospect Hill they fortified it. The British fortified Bunker 
Hill. No active operations were carried on by either army for 

n. What did the officers of the colonial forces determine to do ? What did 
General Gage do? Give an account of the advance and the battle. What 
was the effect of this battle ? 



WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 109 

some time after this. In this battle, known as the battle of Bun- 
ker Hill, the British lost one thousand and fifty-four men, and the 
Americans about four hundred and fifty, among whom was Gen- 
eral Josepli Warren, whom General Howe declared to be worth 
five hundred common rebels. The effect of this battle was to 
greatly encourage the Americans, for though they had been com- 
pelled to retire and yield the victory to the enemy, they had 
proven that their untrained militia would bravely stand the as- 
saults of British regulars. 

12. On the 2d of July, 17Y5, Washington reached the head- 
quarters of the American army, and on the next day took com- 
mand. He found collected there a body of undisciplined militia, 
without tents, ammunition, or necessary supplies. He imme- 
diately went to work to discipline the militia, and ere long had 
moulded it into an efiicient army, with which he kept General 
Howe, who had succeeded to the command of the British forces, 
hemmed in and confined within the limits of Boston. 

13. Meanwhile, the people in the other colonies were not idle. 
Preparations for the mighty struggle with England were going on 
everywhere. In July a British vessel which arrived at Ti/he6 
Island^ below Savannah, Georgia, with thirteen thousand pounds 
of powder for the use of the British troops, was seized by thirty 
volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and Colonel 
Joseph Habersham. The powder was carried to Savannah and 
secured in a magazine. Five thousand pounds of it were sent to 
the Continental army at Boston. 

14. During the latter part of 1775, Lord Dunmore, the royal 
governor of Virginia, having been driven from the colony, raised 
a regiment of negroes, to whom he off"ered their freedom, and 
attacked the Virginians near Norfolk, but was defeated. Some 

12. "When Washington took command at Cambridge, what did he find? 
What did he immediately do ? 

1.3. Meanwhile, what were going on everywhere ? What happened at Sa- 
vannah, Georgia, in July ? What was done with the powder? 

14. What happened in Virginia during the latter part of 1775 ? 

10 



110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

time after this he returned with a British man-of-war and grati- 
fied his revenge by bombarding and burning a large part of the 
town. 

15. In September a body of troops from New York and New 
England, under the command of General Montgomery, invaded 
Canada. They captured Fort St. John, in Canada, also Fort 
Chambly, and one month later the town of Montreal. By the 1st 
of December, Montgomery reached Quebec, and there found Gen- 
eral Arnold, who, with a body of troops, had marched across 
Maine into Canada, and had been some time in front of Quebec, 
waiting Montgomery's arrival. On the 31st of December they 
made an attack on Quebec, but were repulsed, Montgomery being 
killed and Arnold severely wounded. In the spring the Ameri- 
cans abandoned the attempt on Quebec and retreated from Canada. 



CIIAPTEB III. 

CAMPAIGNS OF 1776.— DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 

1. In March, 17V6, the Americans were cheered by a great 
success. Washington, who, with his army, still beleaguered 
Howe's forces in Boston, suddenly seized and fortified Dorchester 
Heights^ which commanded the city on the south. Howe seeing 
that he could not dislodge the Americans, agreed to surrender the 
city uninjured on condition of being allowed to depart with his 
army ; and the Americans entered in triumph March 17. The 
British fleet conveyed Howe and his troops to Halifax, in Nova 



15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada. What happened at Quebec 
on the ?)lst of December? What did the Americans do in the spring? 

1. How were the British compelled to evacuate Boston? Where did the 
British fleet convey Howe and his troops? Who else went off from Boston in 
the British fleet ? 



CAMPAIGNS OF 177G. HI 

Scotia. Fifteen hundred loyalists were carried oiF from Boston 
in the British fleet. 

2. During the same month in which Boston was evacuated an 
event occurred near Savannah, Georgia, which showed the spirit 
actuating the people of the youngest of the colonies, and the one 
which was at that time the most exposed to the dangers of Indian 
warfare. The Continental Congress had passed an act forbidding- 
all communication between the colonies and the British domin- 
ions. Now it must be mentioned here that in all the colonies 
there were persons who sided with the king and Parliament. 
These persons were sometimes designated as Loyalists and some- 
times as Tories. Some wealthy loyalist planters had freighted 
eleven merchant vessels with rice in the Savannah Biver and pre- 
pared for a sea-voyage. To help them in this, some British war- 
ships at the mouth of the river moved up and threatened Savan- 
nah. The militia of Georgia, under Colonel Mcintosh, assisted 
by the Carolinians, under Colonel Bull, dislodged the enemy, 
burned three of the merchant vessels and dismantled six. The 
other two escaped. On this occasion there was some fear that 
the town might fall into the hands of the enemy. The Sons of 
Liberty, among whom were the wealthiest inhabitants of Savan- 
nah, whose all consisted in houses and lots, adopted a resolution 
to burn the town to the ground rather than let it fall into the 
hands of the British. 

3. The first oiFcnsive operations of the British in 1776 were 
directed against Charleston, South Carolina. On the 4th of June 
a British fleet under Sir Peter Parker and a land force of twenty- 
five hundred men under General Clinton appeared ofi" Charleston. 



2. Who were the Tories or Loyalists ? What did some loyalist planters do 
near Savannah ? What was done to help them in this ? What did the 
militia of Carolina and Georgia do ? When it was feared that Savannah 
might fall into the hands of the enemy, what resolution did the Sons of Lib- 
erty adopt? 

3. Where were the first offensive movements of the British directed in 1776? 
When did the British fleet appear before Charleston ? How was the entrance 



112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The entrance of the harbor was defended by Fort Moultrie^ built 
of sand and palmetto logs, and garrisoned by four hundred men 
commanded by Colonel William Moultrie. On the 28th of June 
the British attacked this fort by sea and land, but after ten hours' 
fighting were rejjulsed with the loss of more than two hundred 
men. The loss of the Carolinians was thirty-two, ten of whom 
were killed. There were many instances of personal daring during 
this fight, but the most conspicuous was that of Sergeant Jasper, 
who, when the flag-staff was cut in two by a cannon-ball, and the 
flag had fiillen upon the beach outside the fort, leaped over the 
parapet, and amid a perfect shower of balls picked up the flag, 
fastened it to a staff, and set it up in its proper place. For this 
heroic deed a lieutenant's commission was offered to Jasper by 
Governor Eutledge, who at the same time presented him with 
a sword. Jasper accepted the sword but declined the commission, 
for the reason that he could neither read nor write. Soon after 
their repulse the British fleet, with Clinton's army on board, sailed 
northward. 

4. Soon after the British sailed from Boston, Washington 
moved the bulk of his army to New York, supposing this would 
be the next point of attack. He reached New York about the 
middle of April, and soon had collected there an army of seven- " 
teen thousand men ; but many of them were unarmed, his supply 
of artillery was small, and the line which he had to hold Avas 
fifteen miles long. 

5. Meanwhile, Great Britain had been making extensive prep- 
arations for the subjugation of the colonies. A large fleet had 
been ordered to America, with twenty-five thousand British sol- 



to the harbor defended? What happened on the 28th of June? Relate the 
exploit of Sergeant .Jasper. What was offered Jasper ? Why did he refuse 
the comiuissiun ? AVhat did the British fleet do soon after their repulse ? 

4. What did Washington do soon after the British sailed from Boston ? 
What was the condition of Washington's army ? 

5. Meanwhile, what had Great Britain been doing ? What of the fleet and 
soldiers ? What were the German soldiers called ? 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 113 

diers and seventeen thousand German troops, who were hired l»y 
the British government at thirty-six dollars per head, to be paid 
to their respective princes. Most of these German mercenaries 
came from Hesse-Cassel, and were known in America as Hessians. 
G. When the people of the colonies saw that England was 
determinGd to force thpm to submit, and had even gone so flir as 
to hire foreign soldiers to fight them, they ceased thinking of con- 
tending for their rights as British subjects and began to think 
seriously of independence. As we have already seen, a portion of 
the people of North Carolina had, as early as May, 1775, ex- 
pressed themselves as in favor of independence, and had actually 
gone so far as to declare that North Carolina no longer owed alle- 
giance to the British crown. But the idea did not meet with 
much favor in the other colonies at that time. 

7. In January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates 
in Congress to vote for independence. South Carolina did the 
same in March ; and Georgia and North Carolina in April. Vir- 
ginia took the same step in May ; New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
and Maryland followed the example of the others early in June. 
New York and Pennsylvania delayed action, still hoping for some 
settlement of the controversy with the mother-country. 

8. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
offered a resolution in Congress that " These United Colonies arc 
and of right ought to be free and independent States." He also 
proposed that " a plan of confederation be prepared and trans- 
mitted to the several colonies for their consideration and approba- 
tion." The resolution was adopted on the 11th of June. Two 
committees were appointed, one to prepare a declaration of inde- 



6. AVhen the people of the colonies saw the vast preparations that were being 
made for their suhjugation, what did they do ? What has already been said 
about the people of North Carolina ? 

7. What did Massachusetts do in January, 1776? What State did the same 
thing in March? Which ones in April? Which in May? Which in June? 
Why did Pennsylvania and New York delay action? 

8. What did Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, do on the 7th of June? What 
did he also propose? What two committees wore appointed ? Who were the 

10- 



114 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



pendence, and the other to prepare articles of confederation. 
The committee on the Dechiration of Independence were Thomas 
Jefferson, of Virginia ; John Adams, of Massachusetts ; Benjamin 
FrankHn, of Pennsylvania ; Ptoger Sherman, of Connecticut ; and 
Robert R. Livingston, of New York. The document was drawn 
up by Jefferson, the chairman, and received a few verbal altera- 
tions from Adams and Franklin. 

9. The committee on the Declaration of Independence reported 
on the 28th of Juno ; but action was delayed until the delegates 




INDEPENDENCE HALL. 



from New York and Pennsylvania should receive their instruc- 
tions to vote for it. At last the needed instructions came, and 
on the 4tli day of July, with the unanimous consent not only of 
all the colonies, but also of all the delegates. Congress declared 
the thirteen colonies to be free and independent States. The an- 
nouncement of this declaration was received everywhere with 



committee on the Declaration? By whom was the Declaration of Independ- 
ence di'awn up ? 

9. When did the committee on independence report? Why was action de- 
layed? When did Congress declare the colonies to he free and independent 
States ? Was it unanimous ? IIow was the announcement of this declaration 
received? What happened in New York City ? 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 115 

great rejoicing, and in many places the people showed their joy 
by the ringing of bells and the kindling of bonfires. When the 
news of the declaration was received in New York City, a largo 
number of the people, rushing to one of the squares, in which 
stood a leaden statue of King George III., tied a rope around its 
neck and dragged it down from its pedestal. It was afterwards 
moulded into bullets to fight the king's soldiers with. 

10. On the 12th day of July, eight days after the adoption of 
the Declaration of Independence, a plan of union was laid before 
Congress. The plan of union was styled '•'■Articles of Confeder- 
ation and Perpetual Union between the Stafes.^^ According to 
this plan, the States conferred certain powers upon the United 
States in Congress assembled, and reserved others to themselves. 
Most of the States accepted the Articles of Confederation as early 
as 1777, but it was not until 1781 that Maryland gave her full 
assent to them. 

11. Henceforth we w'ill speak not of the colonies, but of the 
United States, whose independence dates from the 4th of July, 
1776, the day on which the grand Declaration was issued to the 
world. At this time the aggregate population of the thirteen 
States was, according to the most reliable returns, two million 
eight hundred thousand, of whom five hundred thousand were 
negro slaves, scattered throughout all the States. 

12. On the 8th of July, General Howe landed about nine 
thousand men on Staten Island, near New York City. A few 
days afterwards his brother. Admiral Howe, arrived with rein- 
forcements from England. General Clinton soon after arrived 



10. When was the plan of union laid before Congress ? What was it styled? 
According to this plan, what did the States do? When were the Articles of 
Confederation accepted by most of the States? AVhen did Maryland accept 
them? 

11. From what time does the independence of the United States date? 
What Avas the aggregate population of the thirteen States at this time ? 

12. What did General Howe do on the 8th of July ? Who came a few days 
afterwards? AVho else arrived at the same place? What did the whole Brit- 
ish force now number ? Wbat had Washington to oppose tliem with ? 



IIG HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

with the force which had been repulsed at Charleston. The 
whole British force now numbered about thirty thousand men, 
well supplied with everything needed to make an efficient army. 
To oppose this force Washington had a poorly-equipped army of 
hardly half their number, and was obliged to hold a line fifteen 
miles in length. 

13. Lord Howe had been instructed to bring about a reconcil- 
iation, and accordingly he offered pardon to all who would swear 
allegiance to the king. Congress had his proclamation published 
in the newspapers of the country, so that the people might sec 
what kind of submission w^as required of them. Howe also ad- 
dressed a letter to Washington directed to George Washington 
Esq. Washington refused to receive it, for the reason that he 
would not notice any letter from the British general not directed 
to him as commander of the armies of the United States. 

14. Between the 22d and 25th of August Howe landed about 
fifteen thousand men, under General Clinton, on the southwest 
point of Long Island. The Americans had about nine thousand 
men, under Generals Sullivan and Sterling. General Greene, who 
had been in command of this force, was sick, and accordingly 
General Putnam was sent over to take command. On the 27th 
of August occurred the battle of Lrr.ig Island. The Americans 
were attacked, and after a brave resistance were disastrously de- 
feated, with the loss of nearly two thousand men, of whom eleven 
hundred were prisoners. Among the captured were Generals 
Sullivan and Sterling. The loss of the British was less than four 
hundred. The Americans retired to Fort Putnam near Brooklyn. 
Howe, thinking his prey secure, did not attack, but waited for 
his fleet to intercept them and cut off their retreat ; but AVash- 



13. What had Lord Howe been instructed to do? What did he offer? 
What did Congress do? Why did Washington refuse to receive Howe's letter? 

14. What did Howe do between the 22d and 25th of August? How many 
men had the Americans on Long Island? Who was sent over to take com- 
mand ? Give an account of the battle of Long Island. Where did the 
Americans retire? What did Howe do? What did Washington do on the 
night of the 29th ? 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1776. 117 

ington skilfully withdrew his army to New York on the night of 
the 29th. 

15. He could not remain in the city, however, and he there- 
fore retired to the northern part of the island. Howe again 
made overtures, this time to Congress, but was again unsuccess- 
ful ; so, on the 15th of September, his army crossed over to Man- 
hattan Island, three miles above what was then the city. The 
rear-guard of the American army, under Putnam, narrowly escaped 
being cut off and captured. 

16. On the 16th of September a skirmish at Harlem resulted 
to the advantage of the Americans. An attempt of Howe to 
outflank the Americans caused Washington to extend his lines 
northward to White Plains. Here, on the 28th of October, a 
battle occurred between portions of the two armies, and the Amer- 
icans were obliged to fall back. The main body was so strongly 
posted that Howe deemed it best not to attack. Washington 
withdrew to North Castle, and becoming apprehensive that Howe 
was intending to attack Philadelphia, he left General Charles Lee 
with four thousand men at North Castle, while he crossed the 
Hudson and fixed his headquarters at Fort Lee, in New Jersey. 

17. On the 17th of November, General Howe attacked Fort 
Washington, m which Congress had ordered a garrison to be left, 
in opposition to the judgment and advice of the commander-in- 
chief. After a fierce assault, in which the British lost one thou- 
tjand men, the works were carried and the garrison of nearly three 
thousand men was forced to surrender. This was a terrible and 
disheartening blow to the Americans. 

18. On the 19th of November the British crossed the Hudson, 



15. To what place did Washington retire? After Howe had made over- 
tures to Congress and had again met with failure, what was done? What of 
the rear-guard of the American army ? 

16. What was the result of a skirmish at Harlem on the 16th of Septem- 
ber? What of the battle of White Plains? What did Wa.-hington do after 
this? 

17. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington. 



118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and Washington was obliged to retreat across New Jersey, liard 
pressed by the victorious foe. On the retreat the Americans 
suffered terribly. Many of the soldiers were poorly clad and 
barefoot, and the frozen ground was tracked with their blood. 
At last they reached the Delaware, and crossed over into Penn- 
sylvania. 




WASHINGTON CROSSING TIIK DELAWARE. 

19. These were dark days. The Americans felt gloomy and 
disheartened ; desertions in the army were frequent, and Wash- 
ington's force was reduced to about three thousand men. Many 
thought that the cause was lost. The British boasted that the 
war would soon be ended. Philadelphia was in danger, and Con- 
gress removed to Baltimore. 

20. General Charles Lee, who had been ordered to join Wash- 
ington, was captured by carelessly exposing himself. General 
Sullivan, who had been exchanged, took command of Lee's forces 

18. Give an account of the retreat of Washington's army across New Jersey 
into Pennsylvania. 

1 9. What was now the state of affairs ? What did the British boast ? What 
did Congress do ? 

20. What of General Charles Lee? What did General Sullivan do ? What 
was now the size of Washington's army ? 



CAMPAIGNS OF 177G. 



119 



and united them with those of Washington. These and some re- 
cruits from Pennsylvania brought Washington's force up to some- 
where between five and seven thousand men. 

21. Washington now resolved to strike a sudden blow and re- 
trieve, if possible, the disasters of the fall campaign. He felt 
that something must be done, or the cause of freedom would be 
ruined. The British had detached posts at New Brunswick, 
Trenton, Princeton, and other places in New Jersey, and were in 
fancied security. One of their officers had remarked that he 
could keep the peace in New Jersey with a corporal's guard. 

22. At Trenton was encamped a force of fifteen hundred, 
mostly Hessians. Washington resolved to cross the Delaware on 




BATTLE OP TRENTON. 



Christmas evening and surprise and, if possible, capture the whole 
force. He therefore took the greater part of his army and em- 



21. "What .lid Wnshington now resolve to do ? Where did the British have 
detached posts? What had one of their oflBcers remarked? 

22. What was encamped at Trenton? Give nn account of t"he crossinj; of 
the Delaware and the surprise and capture of the Hessians at Trenton. What 



120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

barked tliem on boats to cross the river. Wasbington, with 
Greene, Sullivan, Sterling, and Mercer, and twenty-four hundred 
men, got safely across. Two other divisions £»f his army were 
unable to get over on account of the wind and ice. Washington's 
success was thorough and complete. At dawn of the 2Gth the 
Hessians were taken entirely by surprise. Colonel Ptahl, their 
commander, was slain while trying to rally his men, and one 
thousand laid down their arms and were made prisoners of war. 
Washington's total loss in the brilliant victory at Trenton was 
two men killed, two frozen to death, and a few wounded. That 
same night, with his prisoners and spoils, he recrossed the Dela- 
ware. 

23. The effect of this victory was wonderful. The faint- 
hearted plucked up courage anew. Many, whose term of service 
had expired, re-enlisted, and fresh recruits came in. Washing- 
ton resolved to return to New Jersey. Accordingly, on the 1st 
of January, 1777, he again crossed the Delaware, and took post 
at Trenton with five thousand men. 



CHAPTER IV. 

CAMPAIGNS OF 1777. 



1. On the 2d of January, Lord Cornwallis appeared before 
Washington's position at Trenton with a much larger force than 
Washington's. The Americans successfully resisted until night 
the attempts of the enemy to cross a creek which separated the 
two armies. That night Washington withdrew from Cornwallis's 



was Washington's total loss in the brilliant victory at Trenton ? What did 
Washington do that night? 

23. What was the eflfect of this victory ? What did Washington do on the 
1st of January, 1777 ? 

1. Give an account of the movements of Washington and the battle of 



CAMPAIGNS OF 1117. 121 

front, leaving his camp-fires burning. Next morning (January 3) 
the British general was surprised to find the Americans gone. 
While wondering where they could be, he heard guns in the 
direction of Princeton. AVashington had attacked the British at 
that post, and before Cornwallis could reach the scene had gained 
another brilliant victory. The loss of the British at Princeton 
was four hundred men, that of the Americans one hundred, among 
them General Mercer. Washington now marched to Morristown, 
where he established his headquarters, and from thence continued 
to send out expeditions, until he had recovered the greater part 
of New Jersey from the British. 

2. The principal events of 1777 were the campaign of Wash- 
ington in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and the campaign of 
Burgoyne in New York. Before treating of these events we will 
mention some affairs of minor importance. In April, GTeneral 
Tryon, with a large British force, made a raid into Connecticut, 
burned the town of Danbury, destroyed the supplies collected 
there, and committed many depredations. On their return they 
were attacked by the militia, and lost nearly three hundred men. 
Soon after this. Colonel Meigs, with some Connecticut militia, 
destroyed twelve British vessels and a large quantity of supplies 
at Sag Harbor, on Long Island. He also took ninety prisoners. 
The militia lost none. In July, Major Barton, of Providence, 
with forty men, captured the British General Prescott, and car- 
ried him off as a prisoner. For this exploit Congress presented 
Major Barton with a sword and a colonel's commission. General 
Prescott was afterwards exchanged for General Charles Lee. 

3. During the summer of 1777 the Congress adopted a flag for 

Princeton. Where did Washington now establish his headquarters? What 
did he then do ? 

2. Give an account of Tryon's raid. What did Colonel Meigs with the 
Connecticut militia do soon after this ? AVhat did Major Barton, of Providence, 
do soon after this ? What did Congress do on account of this ? For whoni 
was Prescott afterwards exchanged ? 

3. Describe the ilag adopted by Congress in the summer of 1777. Who 
first gave the new flag to the breeze ? 

F 11 



122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the United States. This was a flag having thirteen alternate stripes 
of red and white, and having thirteen white stars on a blue field, 
each star representing a sovereign, independent State. Commo- 
dore Paul Jones, who commanded a vessel named the Hanger, 
was the first to give the new flag to the breeze. 

4. During this year several distinguished foreigners came over 
to America to aid the struggling patriots. These were the Mar- 
quis de La Fayette and the Baron de Kalb from France, Baron 
Steuben from Prussia, and General Kosciusko and Count Pulaski, 
two Polish noblemen. All these did good service for the Ameri- 
can cause. 

Wasliwgtons Campaign. 

5. Washington, after taking up his winter-quarters at Morris- 
town, spent the rest of the winter in recruiting his army. By 
May, 1777, he had a force of ten thousand men. The British, 
at New Brunswick, New Jersey, had thirty thousand men. The 
main object of Howe was to get possession of Philadelphia, but 
Washington had so impressed him with his skilful generalship, 
that HoAve did not consider it safe to go by land, leaving Wash- 
ington's army in his rear. So, by the end of June, the British 
evacuated New Jersey, and assembled their forces on Staten 
Island. One month later, Howe, leaving twelve thousand men 
under Clinton to hold New York, embarked eighteen thousand 
on transports and sailed to the head of Chesapeake Bay, and dis- 
embarked his troops at Elkton, in Maryland. 

6. As soon as Washington knew that the British general was 
moving upon Philadelphia from the south, he put his army in 
motion to encounter the enemy. At Philadelphia he was joined 



4. What distinguished foreigners came over to assist the patriots this year? 

5. What did Washington's army number by May, 1777? How many had 
the British at New Brunswick, New Jersey ? What was Howe's puri)ose ? How 
many men did Howe leave to hold New York ? With how many men did he 
sail to the head of the Chesapeake? 

6. What did Washini'ton do when he discovered the movements of the 



WASHINGTON'S CAMP A TON. 123 

by La Fayette, a young French nobleman, then only twenty years 

of age. Leaving Philadelpliia, he pushed forward with his army, 
eleven thousand strong, and met the British on the 11th of Sep- 
tember at Chadd's Ford, on the Brandywine Creek. Here a 
desperate battle occurred. The Americans, after making a gallant 
resistance, were compelled to give way before the superior num- 
bers of the British. Count Pulaski and La Fayette both distin- 
guished themselves in this battle. The latter was wounded, but 
not seriously. Washington now knew that he could not hold 
Philadelphia. Congress moved to Lancaster, and afterwards to 
York. The American army took position at Pottsgrove, on the 
Schuylkill, about eight miles above Philadeliihia. Howe occu- 
pied the city on the 2(jth of September. 

7. On the 4th of October, Washington made an attack on the 
British at Germantoivu, but after a severe conflict, which at first 
promised success, he was repulsed, with the loss of about twelve 
hundred men. Soon after this a British force under General 
Donop made an attack on a part of Washington's army at Red 
Bank, but were defeated with great loss. General Donop himself 
being among the slain. In the latter part of October the British 
captured Forts Mifflui and Mercer, which commanded the navi- 
gation of the Delaware, but the garrisons escaped. 

8. Washington now took post at Whitemarsh. Early in De- 
cember General Howe advanced with the design of attacking the 
Americans, but finding them strongly posted, he returned to Phila- 
delphia without a battle. 

During the winter the British took up their quarters in Phila- 
delphia, where they were supplied with every luxury. The 



enemy ? By whom was he joined at Philadelphia? Give an account of the 
battle of Chadd's Ford or Brandywine and its consequences. Where did Con- 
gress go? When did Ilowe occupy Philadelphia? 

7. Give an account of the battle of Germantown. Of Red Bank. What 
forts did the British capture in October ? What of the garrisons? 

8. What happened early in December? Where did the British spend the 
winter ? Where did the Americans encamp ? 



124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Americans encamped at Valirf/ For^e, sheltered only by rude 
huts and suffering the greatest hardships. 

Burgoynes Campaign. 

9. The other grand campaign of 1777 was the invasion from 
Canada, supported by a movement up the Hudson from New 
York. The design of the British was to hold the line of the 
Hudson, and thus separate the New England from the Middle 
States. In the spring Burgoyne had landed in Canada with an 
army of seven thousand British regulars. This force he increased 
to ten thousand men by recruiting in Canada, and then advanced 
into New York State by way of Lake Champlain. The Ameri- 
cans, under Generals Schuyler and St. Clair, were obliged to retire 
before him. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured, and 
the Americans were forced back to the Mohawk River, near where 
it empties into the Hudson. 

10. Burgoyne's advance from Ticonderoga to Fort Edward was 
very slow, because General Schuyler before retreating had felled 
trees and destroyed bridges along the roads by which the British 
had to advance. They did not reach Fort Edward until the 30th 
of July. 

11. Burgoyne found it very difficult to haul supplies from 
Ticonderoga to Fort Edward. Hearing that there was a large 
quantity of stores at Bennington., in Vermont, he sent Colonel 
Baum with a large body of Hessians to seize them. Colonel 
John Stark with a force of " Green Mountain Boys" and New 
Hampshire militia immediately moved to meet this force. As 
the British came in sight Stark said to his men, " There are the 
red-coats ; we must beat them to- day or Molly Stark's a widow !" 

9. What was the other grand campaign of 1777 ? What was the design of 
the British ? With how large a force did Burgoyne advance from Canada 
into New York? What were the Americans obliged to do? What forts were 
captured by the British ? 

10. What of Burgoyne's advance from Fort Ticonderoga to Fort Edward? 

11. What did Burgoyne do to get supplies? Who advanced to meet the 



BURGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN. 125 

Baum's detaclimcnt was totally defeated, but a fresh body of 
British troops caiue up and the battle was renewed. At the criti- 
cal moment Colonel Warner came up with reinforcements to the 
Americans, and the British were completely routed, with the loss 
of seven hundred men, most of them prisoners. The American 
loss was one hundred. This battle occurred on the 16th of 
August. 

12. The defeat of the British at Bennington delayed Burgoyne 
nearly a month. Another event which added to his embarrass- 
ment was the defeat of St. Leger. This officer had been de- 
spatched to the INIohawk Valley, by way of Oswego, with seven 
hundred rangers, to overrun the country and call out the Indians 
and Tories, after which he was to join Burgoyne at Albany. He 
met with little resistance until he reached Fort Schuyler, now 
Borne, in New York. His force had now been augmented by one 
thousand Tories and Indians. With this force he besieged Fort 
Schuyler. General Herkimer, who advanced with a body of 
militia to the assistance of the fort, was defeated and slain ; but 
General Arnold, who was sent by General Schuyler, raised the 
siege by a cunning stratagem. He pardoned a half-witted Tory, 
who had been condemned to the gallows, on condition that he 
would make the British believe that a large force of Americans 
was advancing against them. The Tory played his part well. 
Bushing into the camp of the besiegers as if pursued, and show- 
ing his coat full of bullet-holes, he created such a panic among 
the Indians and Tories that they were soon in full flight. St. 
Leger was forced to retreat into Canada. 

13. These successes encouraged the Americans greatly. Be- 



enemy ? When the British came in sight, what did Stark say to his men ? 
Describe the battle of Bennington. 

12. What was the effect of the battle of Bennington ? What added to the 
embarrassment of Burgoyne ? What was St. Leger expected to accomplish!'' 
With what resistance did he meet? By what had his force been augmented? 
What of General Herkimer? Relate the stratagem of General Arnold and 
its success, 

11* 



126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cruits kept pouring; in, and the army was rapidly increased. In 
August the army was placed under the command of General 
Gates. He took up a position at Stillwater, and resolved to 
check the progress of the invaders at Bemis Heights, which were 
fortified by Kosciusko. Here, on the 19th of September, was 
fought the first battle of Stillwater. Morgan and his riflemen 
and Arnold especially distinguished themselves on the side of the 
Americans. The battle was indecisive. On the 7th of October 
the second battle of Stillwater was fought, and the British were 
defeated with great loss. Among them was General Frazer, a 
gallant and a skilful ofiicer. On the American side Arnold per- 
formed prodigies of valor, and towards its close fell, severely 
wounded. It is a pity that Arnold had not died on Bemis 
Heights, for then his name would have been one of the most 
glorious in the annals of the Revolution. 

14. Burgoyne now attempted to retreat to Fort Edward ; but 
the Americans advanced so rapidly that they cut off" his retreat. 
Hemmed in on every side by an army of thirteen thousand men, 
his own force reduced to less than six thousand, many of them 
unable to fight, and with his camp filled with the wounded and 
dying, no alternative was left but surrender. The terms of sur- 
render had been agreed upon, when Burgoyne received news that 
General Clinton had taken Forts Montgomery and Clinton and 
was advancing up the river. Burgoyne now felt like reconsider- 
ing, but Gates, with his victorious army in battle array, demanded 
an immediate answer, and Burgoyne had to yield. Accordingly, 

13. What was the eflFect of these successes ? How was the American army 
increased ? Under whom was the army placed in August ? What did Gates 
do? What took place at Bemis Heights on the 19th of September ? Who 
especially distinguished themselves on the side of the Americans? What was 
the result? Describe the second battle of Stillwater. 

14. What prevented Burgoyne's retreat to Fort Edward ? How large now 
was the American army? To what was Burgoyne's force reduced? What 
news reached Burgoyne just after terms of surrender had been agreed upon ? 
How did Burgoyne now feel ? What forced him to yield ? How large was 
the army which he surrendered ? Where and when did this occur ? 



BUKGOVNE'S CAMPAIGN^. 127 

he surrendered his army of five thousand seven hundred and 
ninety -one men. This was near Saratoga^ on the 17th of 
October, 1777. 

15. The news of this great victory was hailed everywhere in 
the States with transports of joy. The forts that had been cap- 
tured by Sir Henry Clinton were immediately abandoned, and that 
officer returned to New York. Ticonderoga and all the other 
posts on the northern frontier were again occupied by the Ameri- 
cans. A new impetus was given to enlistments, and Washington's 
thinned ranks began to fill up. 

16. We will now return to Washington, whom we left in camp 
at Valley Forge. This was to the army under his immediate com- 
mand the gloomiest period of the war. They were sheltered by rude 
huts, were poorly clad, ill fed, and unpaid. They were, moreover, 
discouraged by their defeats. A plot was gotten up in Congress 
to remove Washington from the chief command and put Gates in 
his place. This plot has been called the Conway cahal. But 
these efforts to injure Washington utterly fiuled, and met with 
the contempt which they deserved. Congress and the country 
knew that Washington's failure to defeat the enemy was due to 
the fact that he as commander-in-chief had left many of his best 
officers and troops in New York to oppose Burgoyne ; for it was 
far more essential to the cause of freedom that Burgoyne's ex- 
pedition should be defeated than that Philadelphia should be 
saved. 

17. AVhile in the camp at Valley Forge, Baron Stephen, a 
Prussian officer, who had distinguished himself in the wars of 
Frederick the Great, rendered great service by helping Washing- 
ton to reorganize the army and by introducing a uniform system 
of drill and tactics. 



15. What of the news of this victory ? What were its effects ? 

16. What was the condition of Washington's army at Valley Forge? Gi\ 
an account of the Conwny cabal. What of these efforts to injure Wasl 
ington ? 

17. What of Baron Steuben ? 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1778. 

1. The most important event which resulted from the capture 
of Burgoyne was the French alliance. Ever since the conquest 
of Canada by Enghind France had cherished feelings of revenge. 
In 1776. Silas Deane was sent to France to urge an alliance. But 
France was not then prepared to act openly, though she did 
secretly furnish arms and supplies. After the Declaration of 
Independence Congress sent Benjamin Franklin as minister to 
France. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender reached 
France the king, Louis XVI., hesitated no longer. On the Gth 
of February, 1778, the French government acknowledged the in- 
dependence of the United States, and formed a treaty of alliance 
with them. This treaty was signed on the part of the United 
States by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. The 
treaty was ratified by Congress on the 4th of May following. 

2. Alarmed by the surrender of Burgoyne and the danger of a 
French alliance, the British government had sent commissioners 
to America, who were authorized to offer all that the Americans 
had asked if they would only return to their allegiance to the 
British crown. But Congress rejected the proposal. The people 
of the United States would now be satisfied with nothing less 
than absolute independence. Soon after the rejection of this 
proposal Congress received news of the consummation of the 
alliance with France. 



1. AVhat was the most important result of the capture of Burgoyne ? What 
of Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin ? What was the effect of the news of 
Burgoyne's surrender? What did the French government now do? What 
else can you say of the treaty ? 

2. What did the British government no\Y do ? Why did Congress reject 
the proposal ? 



EVENTS OF 1778. 129 

3. As the spring drew near the condition of Washington's army 
was much improved. It had been reinforced by four thousand 
troops of the victorious army which had captured Burgoyne, and 
AVashington was now able to take the field with forces about 
equal to those of his adversary. In April France sent out a fleet, 
under D'Estaing, to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware, 
while Washington intended to operate against the enemy by land. 

4. Sir Henry Clinton was now commander-in-chief of the British 
forces in Philadelphia, Sir William Howe having resigned. Fear- 
ing lest his army might be captured if he waited until the French 
fleet should arrive in the Delaware, he prepared to evacuate Phil- 
adelphia. Accordingly, the British fleet in the Delaware sailed 
for New York, carrying the greater part of the baggage and 
stores. General Clinton then abandoned Philadelphia, and re- 
treated across New Jersey with his army, numbering twelve 
thousand men. Washington started in pursuit with a force 
about equal in number. 

5. Washington overtook the retreating enemj'^ at Monmouth 
on the 28th of June, 1778. General Charles Lee, commanding 
the van of the American army, was ordered to make an imme- 
diate attack. He did so, but being pressed by the British regu- 
lars, ordered a retreat. La Fayette, who looked upon Lee's 
conduct with suspicion, sent a messenger to Washington, urging 
him to hurry up. Washington hastened to the scene of action 
with the main body, reproved Lee sharply, restored order, and 
drove the British back. The battle then lasted until night. The 
advantage was rather on the side of the Americans, their loss 
being two hundred and thirty, and that of the British five hun- 
dred. Washinsrton intended to renew the battle in the morning, 



•S. What was the condition of Washington's army as the spring drew near? 
How had it been reinforced? AVhat did France do in April ? 

4. Why did Clinton prepare to evacuate Philadelphia ? AVhat did the Brit- 
ish fleet do? What did Clinton and AVashington do ? 

5. Describe the movements of the Americans nn I the bittle of Monmouth. 
AVhy did not AVashington renew the battle ? AVhere did the British army 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

but Clinton did not feel like risking another engagement, and re- 
treated during the night. The British army proceeded to Sandy 
Hook, and from thence sailed to New York. General Charles Lee 
was court-martialed for his conduct in this battle, and also for an 
insolent letter which he wrote to Washington the day after the 
fight. He was sentenced to be suspended from his command for 
one year. He never returned to the army afterwards. A note- 
worthy incident of the battle of Monmouth was the conduct of 
Molly Pitcher, the wife of one of the American cannoneers. 
During the thickest of the fight she busied herself in carrying 
water to the soldiers. Seeing her husband fall dead at his gun, 
she sprang to the piece, and served it so well that the next day 
she was appointed sergeant. She ever afterwards was called by 
the soldiers Captain Molly. 

6. When Washington found that the British had retreated he 
pressed on in pursuit, but was not able to overtake them. After 
the return of the enemy to New York the American army took 
position at White Plains until they went into winter-quarters at 
Middlebrook, in New Jersey. 

7. Early in July the French fleet arrived with four thousand 
troops on board. An attack was now planned upon the British 
garrison at Newport, in Rhode Island. D'Estaing was to attack 
by sea with the French fleet, and General Sullivan, assisted by 
Generals Greene and La Fayette, with an army of ten thousand 
men, took charge of the movement by land. Soon after the siege 
commenced a British fleet approached, and D'Estaing sailed out 
to meet them, but a severe storm arose, and separated the com- 
batants. Soon after, the French fleet was obliged to go to Boston 
for repairs. Sullivan then raised the siege and retired. The 



is said of General Charles Lee? Relate the incident of Moliy 
Pitcher. 

6. What did Washington and the American army do ? 

7. What happened early in July ? What attack was now planned ? What 
caused the siege to fail ? What was the French fleet obliged to do? What 
of the affair at Quaker Hill? 



EVENTS OF 1778. IPJ 

British followed, and attacked liim near Quaker Hill, but were 
repulsed. 

8. In July a party of Tories and Indians, led by Colonel John 
Butler, came into the Valley of Wyoming^ in Pennsylvania, de- 
feated the small force opposed to them, captured Fort AVyoming, 
slaughtered the garrison after its surrender, and massacred men, 
women, and children. 

9. In November Cherry Valley^ in New York, suffered like 
atrocities at the hands of a body of Tories and Indians led by 
Brant, a noted Mohawk chief. 

10. The French fleet, after refitting at Boston, sailed for the 
West Indies. The British fleet, in order to protect British pos- 
sessions in that quarter, followed soon after, Clinton now resolved 
to transfer the war to the South, where the army would be nearer 
the fleet. 

11. In November Clinton sent two thousand men, under Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Campbell, and a fleet, under Admiral Hyde Parker, 
against Savannah, in Georgia. Savannah was defended by nine 
hundred American troops, commanded by General Robert Howe. 
On the 29tli of December the British advanced to the attack. 
The Americans fought bravely, but were overpowered by the 
superior numbers of the enemy, and after suflbring a loss of nearly 
two-thirds of their number they abandoned Savannah and crossed 
over into South Carolina. 

8. Give the account of the massacre of Wyoming. 

9. Relate what happened in Cherry Valley. 

10. Describe the movements of the Fren?h and British fleets. What did 
Clinton now resolve to do ? 

11. What did Clinton do in November ? What was the result of the attack ? 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER VL 

EVENTS OF 1779. 

1. Early in January, 1779, General Prevost, advancing from 
Florida, with nearly two thousand men, took the fort at Sunbmy, 
and marching thence to Savannah, took command of the British 
forces. The lower part of Georgia was now completely overrun 
by the British and Tories. 

2. The strength of the British force in the South was now be- 
tween three and four thousand eifective men, under the command 
of General Prevost. The American army was inferior in number 
to the British, and consisted almost entirely of militia. It was 
commanded by General Lincoln, a brave officer, who had won 
distinction in the Northern campaigns. 

3. While General Lincoln was reorganizing his army and try- 
ing to get it ready for an active campaign. General Prevost sent 
Colonel Campbell against Augusta, which town he occupied on 
the 1st of February, 1779. Another expedition was sent to take 
possession of Port Royal Island, in South Carolina, but the British 
were defeated by General Moultrie with considerable loss. 

4. The British expected to be joined by large numbers of South- 
ern Tories. A body of Tories eight hundred strong did rise, and, 
under Colonel Boyd, set out to join the British force at Augusta, 
pillaging and plundering the property of the patriots on their way. 

1. What happened early in January, 1779 ? 

2. What was now the strength of the British force in the South ? What 
can you say about the American army ? By whom was it commanded ? 

3. While General Lincoln was reorganizing his army, what did General 
Prevost do? What was the result of an expedition to take possession of Port 
Royal Island? 

4. AVhat did the British expect? What did a body of Tories do ? Give an 



EVENTS OF 1779. 133 

At Kef tie Creek, in Wilkes County, Georgia, on the 14tli of Feb- 
ruary, they were attacked by four hundred Carolina and Georgia 
militia, led by Colonels Andrew Pickens and Elijah Clarke, and 
were totally defeated, with the loss of one hundred and fifty men. 
The loss of the Americans was thirty-two killed and wounded. 
Soon after this Colonel Campbell was ordered by General Prevost 
to retire from Augusta. The British retreated to Hudson's Ferry, 
about fifty miles above Savannah. 

5. Encouraged by these successes, General Lincoln sent Gen- 
eral Ashe to take position at Brier Creek, near where it empties 
into the Savannah. Ashe had two thousand men under his im- 
mediate command, and two thousand more within supporting dis- 
tance. General Ashe proved himself to be incompetent. On the 
3d of March he was surprised by General Prevost and defeated, 
with the loss of three hundred and forty killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, while the loss of the enemy was small. By this defeat 
the plans of Lincoln were frustrated, and the British conquest of 
that portion of Georgia lying below Augusta was made complete 
for the time. 

6. General Lincoln did not give up hope of driving the British 
out of Georgia. By the middle of April his army numbered five 
thousand men. On the 23d of April he set out at the head 
of four thousand men, intending to enter Georgia at Augusta, 
and left one thousand under General Moultrie, to watch the 
movements of the enemy. As soon as General Prevost heard of 
Lincoln's advance he moved upon Charleston, in South Carolina, 
by rapid marches, forcing Moultrie to retreat before him. Lin- 
coln was compelled by this movement to abandon his enterprise 



account of the defeat of the Tories at Kettle Creek. What happened soon 
after this battle? To what point did the British retreat ? 

5. On account of these successes, what did General Lincoln do ? What was 
the strength of the force under Ashe? Give the account of Ashe's defeat on 
the 3d of March. What was the effect of the defeat at Brier Creek ? 

6. What was the strength of Lincoln's army by the middle of April ? What 
did he do on the 2;3d of April ? What did Prevost then do ? What did this 

12 



134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and hasten to tlie defence of Charleston. On Lincoln's approach 
Prevost withdrew. A body of Carolina troops made an attack on 
the British at Stono Ferry on the 20th of June, but were re- 
pulsed with considerable loss. Shortly afterwards the British 
established a post at Beaufort, in South Carolina, but the main 
body of their army returned to Savannah. The weather now 
being very hot and the season unhealthy, both armies refrained 
from active operations until September. 

7. Meanwhile, at the North several operations of secondary 
importance were carried on by both the American and British 
armies. In February, General Tryon, the last royal governor 
of Connecticut, destroyed the salt-works at Horse Neck, in Con- 
necticut, and plundered the town. It was at this place that Gren- 
eral Putnam performed a remarkable feat. He was on the point 
of being captured, when, seeing no other means of escape, he rode 
down a precipitous descent called the Stone Steps, over which the 
British dared not follow him. 

8. In May the enemy made raids into Virginia, and destroyed 
much property, both public and private, in Norfolk, Portsmouth, 
and the neighboring country. In New York State during this 
same month General Clinton himself conducted an expedition up 
the Hudson. On the 31st of May he captured Stony Point, and 
on the 1st of June Yerplanck's Point, taking their garrisons 
prisoners of war. He left British garrisons in both forts, and re- 
turned to New York. In July, General Tryon led a second plun- 
dering expedition into Connecticut, and burned East Haven, 
Fairfield, and Norwalk, plundered New Haven, and ravaged the 
coasts of the State generally. 

9. On the 15th of July occurred one of the most brilliant 



force Lincoln to do ? What did Provost do on Lincoln's approach? What 
happened at Stono Ferry ? What did the Briti;?h do shortly afterwards? 

7. What happened at Horse Neck ? 

8. What happened in Virginia in May ? What happened in New York 
during the same month? What places did General Clinton capture? What 
did General Tryon do in Connecticut in July ? 



EVENTS OF 1779. 135 

exploits of the war. This was the recapture of Sfoni/ Point by 
the Americans. This point was considered by Washington to be 
of considerable importance. He therefore sent General Anthony 
Wayne to recover it. Wayne made a night attack, and carried 
the fort at the point of the bayonet. The American loss was 
nearly one hundred men, that of the British, six hundred in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans destroyed the 
works and returned to their camp. 

10. On the 19th of July a body of Americans led by Major 
Henry Lee surprised a British garrison at Paulas Uook^ killing 
thirty and capturing one hundred and sixty. 

11. In July a land and naval expedition went from Boston 
against a British force posted at Fort Castine on the Penobscot, 
but the expedition was a total failure. 

12. In the same month Brant, with some Indians and Tories, 
committed many depredations and burned the village of Minisink, 
in New York. At one place they rushed into a school-house, 
killed the school-teacher, and, though they spared the girls, killed 
several of the boys. Several other atrocities were committed by 
them. 

13. To put a stop to the atrocities of the Indians, General Sul- 
livan was sent against them at the head of five thousand men. 
He attacked the Indians under Brant, Johnson, and Butler on 
the site of the present city of Elmira, and completely routed 
them, after which he laid waste the Indian country as far as the 
Genesee Biver, which empties into Lake Ontario. The effect of 
these defeats on the Indians was such that they gave up all 
thoughts of further war. 

14. We will now return to operations in the South. On the 
9th of September, Count D'Estaing appeared near Savannah with 



9. Give an account of the recapture of Stony Point by the Americans. 

10. Give an account of the American success at Paulus Hook. 

11. What of the expedition from Boston in July? 

12. What happened at Minisink, New York, during the same month ? 

13. Give an account of Sullivan's victory over the Indians and its effect. 

14. What happened on the 9th of September? After Lincoln had effected 



136 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



a French fleet having on board six thousand troops. Lincoln 
moved up and effected a junction with the French, and by the 
middle of the month laid siege to Savannah. While the allied 
forces were in front of Savannah, Captain John White, of the 
Georgia line, with but a few followers, captured by a skilful strat- 




PULASKI MONUMENT, SAVANNAH. 



agem five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stand of arms, 
and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. The British could 
not have stood a long siege in Savannah, but D'Estaing became 
impatient and insisted upon an immediate assault. On the 9th 



a junction with the French, what did the allied forces do? Relate the ex- 
].loitof Captain John White. Could the British have stood a long siege? 
Why, then, was an assault made? What was the result of the assault made 



EVENTS OF 1779. 137 

of October the assault was gallantly made by the allied armies, but 
they were repulsed with the loss of nearly eleven hundred men. 
Among the slain were Count Pulaski, the noble Pole, and the 
gallant Sergeant Jasper. In Monterey Square, in the city of Sa- 
vannah, there stands an elegant monument erected in honor of 
Count Pulaski. Though no monument has ever been reared to 
Jasper, one of the squares in Savannah bears his name, and about 
two miles from the city is the Jasper Spring, so called to com- 
memorate one of his daring exploits. Here on one occasion, as- 
sisted by Newton, another gallant sergeant, Jasper rescued from 
a British guard an American prisoner who was being carried to 
Savannah for execution. After the disastrous repulse of the 
allied armies, as Jasper lay dying, he said to Major Horry, who 
called to see him (referring to his exploit at the spring), " Should 
you ever see Jones, his wife, and son, tell them that Jasper is 
gone, but that the remembrance of that battle which he fought 
for them brought a secret joy into his heart when it was about to 
stop its motion forever." 

15. After the repulse at Savannah the allied armies raised the 
siege, the French sailed to the West Indies, and the disappointed 
Lincoln returned with his army to Charleston. 

16. During the summer of 1779 the American commissioners 
at Paris fitted out a small squadron and placed it under the com- 
mand of Commodore Paul Jones, a Scotch- American and a man 
of great daring. In September, while cruising ofi" the coast of 
Scotland in his ship, the Bon Homme Richard, he fell in with 
the British ship Serapis, and after one of the most desperate sea- 
fights on record, captured her. His own vessel was so badly 
damaged that he transferred his men to his prize, and scarcely 
had he done so, when the Bon Homme Richard went down. 



on the 9th of October? Who were among the slain? How has Pulaski's 
memory been honored ? Tell what is said of Jasper and his exploits. 

15. What did the allied armies do after the failure of the assault, and where 
did they go ? 

16. What was done by the American commissioners at Paris during the 
Bummer of 1779 ? Relate Paul Jones's fight with the British ship of war. 

12>^ 



138 



HISTORY OF THE UN] TED STATES. 



17. The year 1779 closed in gloom. The hopes founded on 
the French alliance had not been realized. The several schemes 
of co-operation had failed. The American troops were poorly 
provided for and suffered greatly. The finances of the country 
were in a bad condition. Congress had been obliged to resort 
to bills of credit, issued from time to time in denominations of 
from one to twenty dollars, on pledge of the public faith for their 




^m'^smm 



SPECIMENS OP CONTINENTAL BILLS. 



redemption in gold or silver. This currency at first passed for 
its face value, but as its issue increased with enormous rapidity, 
with little or no prospect of its ever being paid, it finally depre- 
ciated so that at last it became absolutely worthless. On the 
other hand, Britain seemed greater than ever. Though Spain 
had joined her enemies, she resolved on putting forth still 



17. How did the year 1779 close? What of the hopes founded on the 
French alliance? What of the American soldiers? What of the finances? 
What nation had joined the enemies of Britain ? What did Parliament de- 
termine to do for the next year ? 



EVENTS OF 1780. I39 

greater efforts. Parliament determined for the next year to 
enlist eighty-five thousand seamen and thirty -five thousand land 
troops in addition to those already in service. 



CHAPTER VI I. 

EVENTS OF 1780. 



1. As soon as Sir Henry Clinton heard that the French fleet 
had left the iVmeriean coast, he resolved to lead an expedition 
himself for the reduction of South Carolina. He accordingly 
withdrew the British garrison from Newport, thus leaving Rhode 
Island free of the enemy, and after leaving a strong force to hold 
New York City, he embarked five thousand of his best troops, 
and on the 2Gth of December set sail for the South, under the 
convoy of Admiral Arbuthnot. 

2. On the 11th of February, 1780, he landed on John's Island, 
near Charleston. The condition of South Carolina at this time was 
exceedingly unfavorable. The State was poorly provided with the 
means of defence ; the Tories and Indians harassed the inhabitants 
of the border counties, and the army under Lincoln was too small 
to offer an effective resistance. When Lincoln heard of the advance 
of the British upon Charleston, his first impulse was to abandon 
the city, but the inhabitants so earnestly implored him to remain 
that he did so, trusting to the arrival of reinforcements which had 
been promised him. The reinforcements never came, and Lin- 
coln's army was hemmed in and besieged in Charleston by Clinton, 



1. What did Clinton do when he heard that the French fleet had left the 
American coast ? With how many men did he sail for the South ? 

2. Where did he land February 11, 1780? State the condition of South 
Carolina at this time. What of the army under Lincoln? Why did Lincoln 
remain in Charleston? Did the expected reinforcements come? How was 
Clinton's army increased? 



140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

whose army was soon increased to eiglit thousand by the arrival 
of three thousand additional troops from New York under Corn- 
wallis. 

3. The siege of Charleston lasted eight weeks. A force which 
had been assembled under General Huger for the relief of the city 
was surprised and defeated at Monk's Corner by fourteen hundred 
British troops under Webster, Tarleton, and Ferguson. There 
being no hope of relief Fort Moultrie surrendered on the 6th of 
May, and on the 12th Lincoln was forced to surrender Charleston, 
and with it his army, numbering nearly two thousand regular 
troops and between two and three thousand militia. 

4. In order to secure his conquests Clinton sent out three de- 
tachments into the interior, one under Cornwallis, which occupied 
Camden ; a second, under Colonel Cruger, to Ninety-Six ; and a 
third, under Colonel Browne, to Augusta. Clinton also pro- 
claimed a truce, and offered pardon to all who would take Britisk 
protection. Great numbers of South Carolinians and Georgians, 
seeing their States completely overrun by the British, and de- 
spairing of assistance from the States north of them, accepted the 
terms on condition of not being compelled to take up arms against 
their countrymen. The patriot leaders in Carolina and Georgia 
fled with the small bands, which followed them, into North Car- 
olina, and waited for a favorable opportunity to return into their 
respective States. 

5. Clinton thinking his conquest complete, and congratulating 
himself on having reannexed two provinces to the British crown, 
sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. Cornwal- 
lis left Lord Bawdon in command at Camden and took up his 



3. Give an account of the siege and surrender of Charleston. How largo 
was the surrendered army ? 

4. What did Clinton do to secure his conquests? To what place did these 
detachments go ? What else did Clinton do ? What did great numbers of the 
people do? What of the patriot leaders in Carolina and Georgia? 

5. What did Clinton do now? Where did Cornwallis take up his head- 
quarters? How were the people treated by the British commander? 



EVENTS OF 1780. 141 

headquarters at Charleston. The British commander broke faith 
with those who had surrendered, imprisoned some of the best 
citizens of Charleston, and seized their property. He allowed 
British troopers to traverse the country burning houses, destroy- 
ing crops, and insulting the inhabitants. He endeavored to force 
those who had taken protection to enlist in the British service 
and bear arms against their countrymen. 

6. By such treatment the people were roused to resistance, 
and flocked to the standards of such leaders as Sumter, Marion, 
and Pickens, of South Carolina, and Clarke, of Georgia. 

7. All these leaders in Carolina and Georgia kept up a constant 
warfare upon the posts of the enemy, and broke up the bands of 
the Tories wherever they appeared. Colonel Henry Lee, in his 
Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department, says of them : 
" Their combats were, like those of the Parthians, sudden and 
fierce." Never despairing of the cause of their country, they at 
no time relaxed their efforts until the final great triumph of the 
American arms. 

8. In July the struggling patriots were encouraged by the news 
that Gates, the victor of Saratoga, was advancing to their assist- 
ance. Lord Eawdon, the British commander at Camden, per- 
ceiving his danger, with Gates advancing in front and with Sumter 
threatening him on his left and Marion on his right, called in his 
outposts, brought reinforcements from Ninety-Six, and notified 
Cornwallis of his danger. That general hastened up from Charles- 
ton, united his forces with Lord Rawdon, and took command. 

9. General Gates, confidently looking forward to victory, pushed 
on, contrary to the advice of his officers, with the intention of sur- 
prising the enemy at Camden. Lord Cornwallis was himself medi- 



6. What was the result of such treatment? 

7. What did all these leaders do ? What does Colonel Henry Lee say of 
them ? 

8. IIow were the struggling patriots encouraged in July ? What did Lord 
Rawdon. the British commander at Camden, do ? What did Cornwallis do ? 

9. With what intention did Gates hasten forward ? What was Cornwallis 



142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tating a surprise of Gates's army, and set out from Camden for 
that purpose on the night of August 15. The armies stumbled 
on each other at Sander's Creek after midnight, and at dawn of 
the 16th the battle began. The Americans were utterly defeated, 
with the loss of more than a thousand men, besides all their artil- 
lery, ammunition, and supplies. Among the slain was the brave 
Baron De Kalb. Gates, with the fugitives, escaped to Hills- 
borough, North Carolina. The loss of the British was something 
over three hundred. 

10. To add to the misfortunes of the patriots, Sumter, with his 
force of eight hundred men, was surprised two days afterwards at 
Fishing Creek by Colonel Tarleton, utterly defeated, and his men 
dispersed, losing their artillery and stores, and also the spoils and 
prisoners which had been taken from the enemy by Sumter a few 
days before the battle of Camden. Marion and his men, issuing 
at times from the swamps of the Pedee, alone maintained hostili- 
ties in South Carolina. 

11. Soon after his victory at Camden, Cornwallis sent Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Tarleton to operate east of the Catawba, and 
Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson to assemble the Tories among the 
mountains of North and South Carolina. 

12. While Ferguson was on his way. Colonel Elijah Clarke, the 
bold Georgia partisan, with seven hundred men, laid siege to 
Augusta, which was held by a British garrison under Colonel 
Thomas Browne. Clarke pushed the siege vigorously, and was 
on the point of capturing the garrison, when a fresh body of the 
eneiny under Colonel Cruger came up, and he was obliged to re- 
tire. Ferguson was ordered by Cornwallis to intercept Clarke's 

himself meditating ? Give an account of the battle of Sander's Creek, near 
Camden. 

10. What added to the misfortunes of the patriots? Who alone maintained 
hostilities in South Carolina? 

11. What two detachments did Cornwallis send out soon after his victory at 
Camden ? 

12. While Ferguson was on his way, what did Colonel Elijah Clarke do? 
Describe Clarke's attack on the British garrison at Augusta. What did 



EVENTS OF 1780. 143 

command, if possible. He therefore drew near to the moun- 
tains, intending to fall upon Clarke as soon as he reached his 
vicinity. Here he heard that a new enemy was approaching him 
for the purpose of proceeding on the same enterprise in which 
Clarke had just failed. This new foe was a large band of rifle- 
men, about three thousand strong, gathered mostly from. Ken- 
tucky (at that time a western district of Virginia) and North 
Carolina, under Colonels Campbell, Cleveland, Williams, Sevier, 
and Shelby. Hearing of Clarke's repulse and Ferguson's expe- 
dition, they abandoned their enterprise against Browne at Augusta, 
and turned on Ferguson. 

13. Realizing his danger, Ferguson selected a strong position 
on Kings 3Ioinitam, and awaited the advance of the Americans. 
For fear that Ferguson would escape, about sixteen hundred of 
the bold riflemen mounted their swiftest horses, and hurried for- 
ward to meet the enemy. On the Tth of October they came up 
with Ferguson. Dismounting from their horses, they formed in 
three divisions, and ascended the mountain in different directions. 
A desperate battle ensued. Ferguson was slain, and three hun- 
dred of his men killed and wounded. The remaining eight hun- 
dred, consisting of British regulars and Tories, surrendered. The 
American loss was but twenty, among these Colonel Williams, of 
South Carolina, who, with his adherents, had joined the expedi- 
tion just before the battle. Fifteen hundred stand of arms fell 
into the hands of the victors. Although Clarke had failed to re- 
duce Augusta, his expedition had led to the destruction of Fergu- 
son's force. 

14. Cornwallis, meanwhile, had occupied Charlotte after a gal- 



Cornwallis order Ferguson to do? While Ferguson was trying to do this, 
what did he hear? What was this new foe? 

13. Realizing his danger, what did Ferguson do? For fear that Ferguson 
would escape, what did the militia do? When did they come up with the 
enemy? Describe the battle of King's Mountain. What was the American 
loss? What fell into the hands of the victors ? 

14. What of Cornwallis meanwhile ? What reasons prompted him to fall 



144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

lant but vain resistance by Colonel Davie and bis Nortb Caro- 
linians, and was preparing to advance still farther when he heard 
of the defeat of Ferguson at King's Mountain. Being thus de- 
prived of one-fourth of his army, and with his communications 
threatened by the activity of Sumter, Marion, and Pickens in 
South Carolina, he judged it best to retreat, and fell back to 
Camden, in South Carolina. Thus the effect of the battle of King's 
Mountain had been to compel Cornwallis to abandon his projected 
conquest of North Carolina. Another effect of this battle was to 
break up an invasion of Virginia by a British force of three thou- 
sand, under General Leslie, which depended for success upon the 
co-operation of Cornwallis. 

15. Sumter had not remained idle after his defeat at Fishing 
Creek. By his energy and activity he soon collected his scattered 
followers and returned to his old work of harassing the enemy. 
On the 12th of November he was attacked at Fishdam Ferry ^ 
on Broad River, by Major Wemys ; but the British were defeated 
and Wemys himself captured. On the 20th he was again at- 
tacked, by Colonel Tarleton, at Blacksfocks, in Chester District. 
Fortune once more favored Sumter, and the British were repulsed. 

16. In the North during this year no military event of impor- 
tance occurred. About midsummer a French fleet, under Ad- 
miral de Ternay, arrived, having on board six thousand French 
troops, under Count de Rochambeau (rosh-awm-bo). This force 
had been sent out through the influence of La Fayette. They en- 
tered Newport, Rhode Island ; but soon after a superior British 
fleet arrived and blockaded the French in Narraganset Bay. So 
nothing was accomplished by this force during 1780. 

back to Camden, in South Carolina? What was one of the effects of the battle 
of King's Mountain? What was another effect? 

15. Mennwhilc, what of Sumter ? Describe Sumter's victory at Fishdam 
Ferry. When, by whom, and where was he again attacked ? With what re- 
sult ? 

16. What of affairs in the North? What happened about midsummer? 
Through whose influence had this fleet been sent out? What prevented the 
fleet from accomplishing anything ? 



EVENTS OF 1780. 145 

17. In September a disgraceful plot was discovered. General 
Arnold, who had been one of the bravest of the American officers, 
had formed a plan to betray West Point, on the Hudson, into the 
hands of the British. The motive which prompted Arnold thus 
to injure his country and cover his own name with infamy was a 
desire for revenge. AVhile in command of Philadelphia, in 1778, 
he had acted badly, and had been court-martialed for his conduct, 
but was forgiven by Washington. In August, 1780, he was 
placed by Washington in command of the important post of West 
Point. Filled with the desire of revenge, he opened a corre- 
spondence with Clinton, in New York, and promised to deliver 
up the fortress in return for ten thousand pounds and a general's 
commission. Major Andre, a young British officer, who was sent 
by Clinton to arrange the plan with Arnold, was captured on his 
return journey by three New York militia-men, and in his boots 
were found papers containing proofs of Arnold's treachery. The 
American commander, to whom Andre was carried, incautiously 
allowed him to write to Arnold. Arnold fled to a British vessel 
and went down i\\Q river to Clinton, at New York. He received 
the promised reward. Andre was hung as a spy. To each of his 
captors, John Paulding, Isaac Van Wert, and David AVilliams, 
Congress voted a medal and a pension for life. 

18. On the 20th of December of this year England declared 
war against Holland, because the Hollanders had given protection 
to American privateers, and had actually begun to negotiate a 
treaty with Congress. 



17. What disgraceful plot was discovered in September? What motive 
prompted Arnold thus to disgrace himself? Why did he seek revenge? Of 
what post was he placed in command ? Give an account of Arnold's treason. 
What befell Andre ? When Arnold heard that Andre was captured, what 
did he do ? What became of Andre ? What did Congress do for each of his 
captors ? 

18. When did England declare war against Holland? What had the Dutch 
done? 

G 13 



146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER VIIL 

EVENTS OF 1781. 

Campaign of Greene in the CaroUnas. — The Final Campaign in 
Virginia, — Peace. 

1. The leading events of 1781 were the campaign in the Caro- 
linas and the final campaign in Virginia. Before treating of 
these we will notice the condition of Washington's army in the 
winter of 1780 and 1781. The winter was severe, the soldiers 
were half clad and unpaid. On the 1st day of January, 1781, 
thirteen hundred troops of the Pennsylvania line left camp with 
the intention of marching to Philadelphia and demanding relief 
of Congress. At Princeton they were met by a committee from 
Congress, who satisfied their demands, whereupon they returned 
to their duty. Two British emissaries, who were sent to tamper 
with the discontented troops, were seized by them and delivered 
up to General Wayne, by whose order they were hung as spies. 
Soon after this some of the New Jersey troops mutinied, but the 
outbreak was forcibly suppressed by Washington. Congress now 
realized that something must be done. Taxes were levied, and 
money and supplies were purchased in Europe. Robert Morris, 
a wealthy merchant and banker of Philadelphia, was appointed 
financial agent of the government, and freely used his own money 
and credit to furnish supplies. 

2. We will now speak of the campaign in the Carolinas. 
After the disastrous defeat of Gates at Camden, that general had 

1. What was the condition of Washington's army in the winter of 1780 and 
1781 ? Give an account of the mutiny in Washington's army. What was 
doncAvith two British emissaries? What of some of the New Jersey troops? 
What was now done by Congress ? What of Robert Morris? 

2. What had General Gates done after his disastrous defeat near Camden? 



EVENTS OF 1781. 147 

retreated to Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he labored with 
unceasing zeal and diligence to repair the damage caused by his 
former rashness. The remains of his shattered army were col- 
lected, some recruits from Virginia arrived, and some companies 
of artillery were added to his force. The State authorities of 
North Carolina summoned to the field a division of militia under 
Generals Sumner and Davidson, to which was united a volunteer 
corps under Colonel Davie. The headquarters of the army were 
afterwards transferred to Charlotte. 

3. On the 3d of December, 1780, General Nathaniel Greene 
arrived at Charlotte and took command. General Greene, who 
was a native of Rhode Island, had distinguished himself in all 
the campaigns of Washington's army, and when Congress deter- 
mined to remove Gates from command of the army in the South, 
he was nominated by Washington as the most suitable person to 
be intrusted with the task of recovering South Carolina and 
Georgia from the British. AVell did Greene prove that he 
merited the confidence reposed in him by the commander-in-chief. 

4. Soon after Greene took command, Colonel William Wash- 
ington, while on a scouting expedition with the cavalry, discovered 
that a body of Tories under Colonel R-udgley were stationed at 
a farm about twelve miles from Camden. Colonel Washington 
hastened forward to surprise them, but found that they had taken 
refuge in a barn surrounded by abatis, and safe from any attempt 
made by cavalry. The American officer then resorted to strata- 
gem. He had the trunk of a tree shaped into the form of a 
cannon, and bringing it up in true military style, pretended to be 
getting ready to cannonade the barn. This was too much for 



What was done to j^et his force ready for the field ? What did the State au- 
thorities of North Carolina do ? To what place were the headquarters of the 
army transferred ? 

3. Who took command of the army at Charlotte on the 3d of December, 
1780 ? What can you say of Greene ? 

4. Relate the stratagem by which Colonel William Washington captured a 
party of Tories. 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the Tories, and the whole party, one hundred in number, sur- 
rendered at discretion. 

5. Though Greene's army was only about two thousand strong, 
yet he sent General Morgan in the direction of Ninety-Six, while 
he himself advanced, and took post at Cheraw. This placed Corn- 
wallis between the two divisions of Greene's army. As he was 
about to march into North Carolina, and did not like to leave 
Morgan in his rear, he sent Colonel Tarleton after that officer, 
with instructions to push him. Morgan retreated to a place 
called the Cowpens, in Spartanburg District. Here, being joined 
by a large body of Carolina and Georgia militia under General 
Pickens, he resolved to await Tarleton's attack. On the 17th of 
January, Tarleton rushed to the attack, confident of victory. But 
instead of victory he met with a stunning defeat. Nearly three 
hundred of his men Avere killed and wounded, and five hundred 
were taken prisoners. The loss of the Americans was seventy, 
of whom only twelve were killed. All the enemy's artillery, eight 
hundred muskets, two standards, thirty-five baggage-wagons, and 
one hundred dragoon horses fell into the hands of the Americans. 
Tarleton himself barely escaped capture by Colonel Washington, 
who pursued him with the cavalry and wounded him slightly in the 
hand with his sword. Some time after this battle Colonel Tarleton 
was in the company of some Carolina ladies, and remarked to one 
of them, "I have been told that Colonel Washington is very 
illiterate, and can scarcely write his name." " Ah, colonel," re- 
plied the lady, " at least he can make his mark.'' Tarleton 
replied that he would like very much to see Colonel Washington. 
The sister of the lady who had just spoken instantly replied, 
" Had you looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens, colonel, 
you might have had that pleasure." 

6. After Tarleton's defeat at Cowpens, Cornwallis advanced 

5. What distribution did Greene make of his forces ? How did this place 
Cornwallis? Give an account of the movements of Morgan and Tarleton. 
Describe the battle of the Cowpens. What of Tarleton himself? Relate the 
anecdote of Tarleton and the South Carolina ladies. 



EVENTS OF 1781. I49 

against Morgan with a large force, hoping to intercept that officer 
and defeat him before he could cross the Catawba. Greneral 
Greene being aware of Cornwallis's intention, hastened to join 
Morgan, and sent word to Colonel Henry Lee, who, with his 
legion, had been assisting Marion in an expedition against Greorge- 
town, to rejoin the main army with all haste. Two hours after 
Morgan crossed the Catawba, Cornwallis appeared on the opposite 
bank ; but as it was night, he encamped, not doubting that he 
would be able to overtake Morgan in the morning. But during 
the night heavy rains fell and raised the river so that the British 
could not cross for two days. Meanwhile, Morgan continued his 
retreat in safety. On the 31st of January, Greene, escorted by 
a few dragoons, joined him and took the command. At the cross- 
ing of the Yadkin, Greene was closely pressed by the British, and 
again a sudden rise of the river checked the pursuit. It seemed 
as though Providence had specially interposed to save the Amer- 
ican army. On the 7th of February, at Guilford Court-House, 
Greene met the main body of his army, which had marched by a 
different route ; but feeling too weak to encounter Cornwallis, he 
continued his retreat across the Dan into Virginia. Cornwallis 
then gave up the pursuit, and took position at Hillsborough. 

7. Greene remained in Virginia but a short while. Having 
received reinforcements, so that his army numbered nearly five 
thousand men, he returned into North Carolina and advanced to 
meet Cornwallis. Colonel Henry Lee, styled by the soldiers 
" Light-Horse Harry," in advance with a body of cavalry, fell in 
with a body of three hundred and fifty loyalists, and killed or 
captured the whole. 

6. What did Cornwallis do after Tarleton's defeat? What did General 
Greene do? What prevented Cornwallis from intercepting Morgan at the 
crossing of the Catawba? When did Greene catch uj) with Morgan's force 
and take command ? What happened at the crossing of the Yadkin ? Where 
did Greene meet the main body of his army ? Where did Greene retreat? 
What did Cornwallis then do ? 

7. When Greene's army had been increased by reinforcements to nearly 
five thousand men, what did he do? What did Colonel Henry Lee do ? 

13* 



150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. On the 15th of March the armies of Greene and Cornwallis 
met at Guilford Court-House, and a bloody battle was fought. 
Cornwallis remained in possession of the field, and hence claimed 
the victory. Greene retired in order, and encamped several miles 
from the scene of action. The American loss was nearly four 
hundred ; that of the British more than five hundred. 

9. The possession of the battle-field was all that the British 
general gained by his victory. He was in a hostile country, had 
lost a great many men in battle and many from sickness, while 
the American army was gTowing stronger every day, and might 
soon be expected to make another attack. Three days after the 
battle, he began to retire towards Wilmington. When Greene 
heard of this retreat, he pursued Cornwallis as far as Deep Biver, 
and then discontinued the pursuit and marched into South Carolina. 

10. Greene advanced near Camden, and took up a position at 
Hobkirk's Hill. Here he was attacked on the 25th of April by 
Lord Bawdon. At first it seemed that the Americans would gain 
the victory, but some of the troops misunderstanding an order of 
their officer, became confused, and Grocna was finally compelled 
to yield the field to his adversary. 

11. Bawdon was unable to derive any benefit from his victory, 
and was soon obliged to retreat to Eutaw Springs. His retreat 
was caused by the fact that General Marion, with the Carolina 
militia, assisted by Colonel Lee, with a body of troops from 
Greene's army, had captured Fort Watson, and that Forts Motte, 
Granby, and Orangeburg would probably soon fall. Lord Bawdon, 
when he began his retreat, hoped to succor Fort Motte, but Lee 
and Marion were too quick for him. In connection with the 



8. Give an account of the battle of Guilford Court-House, stating the result 
and the losses on both sides. 

9. What was Cornwallis's condition after the battle? What did he do at 
the end of three days ? When Greene heard of this, what did he do ? 

10. Where did Greene take up a position after his return into South Caro- 
lina? Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill. 

11. What of Rawdon after the battle? How was Rawdon's retreat caused ? 
What did Lord Rawdon hope when he began his retreat? Give an account 



EVENTS OF 1781. 151 

capture of Fort Motte an event occurred, wliicli was only one of 
many, showing the noble and unselfish patriotism of the ladies of 
Carolina. A large new mansion, belonging to Mrs. Rebecca 
Motte, stood in the centre of the British fortifications. It was 
necessary that no time should be lost, for Rawdon was hourly 
expected to come to the relief of the fort, and the burning of 
that house would force a surrender. Colonel Lee, with consider- 
able hesitation, made known the state of affairs to Mrs. Motte, 
who was living in a little cot near by, and had been very kind to 
the American ofiicers. Seeing the agitation of Colonel Lee in 
making this statement, the noble lady instantly replied that she 
was delighted to be able to do such a service to her country. She 
then presented to Colonel Lee a bow and arrows with missive 
combustible matter, which she assured him would be the best 
thing to use for the purpose. With these the house was fired, 
and the British garrison forced to surrender. 

12. After the retreat of Rawdon, General Greene advanced 
upon Ninety-Six with his main army, and sent Colonel Lee with 
his legion to operate against Augusta. When Lee reached 
Augusta he found that General Pickens and Colonel Clarke, with 
a considerable force of Carolina and Georgia militia, had already 
commenced a siege of the place. He united his force with theirs, 
and on the 5th of June the British garrison under Colonel Browne 
was forced to surrender. 

13. Greene did not meet with like success at Ninety-Six, 
because Rawdon, having been reinforced, advanced to the relief 
of the besieged, and the Americans after failing in an assault re- 
tired. But a few days after, on account of the exposed position 



of the capture of Fort Motte by Marion and Lee and the noble conduct of Mrs. 
Rebecca Motte. 

12. What did General Greene do after the retreat of Rawdon? Whom did 
he send against Augusta? Give an account of the movements of the Amer- 
ican leaders and the capture of the British garrison at Augusta. 

1.3. Why did not Greene meet with like success at Ninety-Six ? Why did 
Lord Rawdon order Cruger to abandon Ningty-Six and retire southward ? 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of Ninety-Six, llawdoii oiilered Colonel Cruger to abandon the 
post and retire southward. All the upper portions of Georgia 
and South Carolina were now recovered from the British. 

14. E-awdon now took position at Orangeburg, and Greene re- 
tired beyond the Santee to pass the sickly season in a healthier 
region. 

15. Early in September, Greene resumed operations against the 
enemy, at that time commanded by Colonel Stewart. At Eutaw 
Springs^ on the morning of the 8th of September, Greene com- 
menced the attack. A severe battle was fought, in which both 
sides claimed the victory ; the Americans, because they had driven 
the British from the battle-field back to their camp, and the Brit- 
ish, because the Americans had been repulsed from the British 
camp and had retired to the place where the battle commenced. 
When we consider the effect of the battle we may safely class it 
as an American victory, for by it the British were forced to aban- 
don all the up-country. They retreated during the night of the 
9th, and from that time they held no places in Carolina or Georgia 
except Charleston and Savannah, and to these they were strictly 
confined. 

16. The cainpaign in Virginia began in May, when Cornwallis 
reached Petersburg. It will be remembered that after the battle 
at Guilford Court-House Cornwallis retired to Wilmington, North 
Carolina. On the 25th of April he set out from Wilmington in- 
tending to conquer Virginia. When he reached Petersburg he 
found a British force under General Phillips stationed there. Pre- 
vious to the arrival of Cornwallis the coasts of Virginia had been 

What was the effect of the capture of Augusta and the abandonment of Ninety- 
Six ? 

14. What did Rawdon and Greene now do ? 

15. What was done early in September? Describe the battle of Eutaw 
Springs and its eflFects. From this time, what did they hold in Carolina and 
Georgia ? 

16. When did the campaign begin in Virginia ? To what place had Corn- 
wallis retired after the battle of Guilford? For what purpose did he set out 
from ^yUmington on the 25th of April ? What did he find when he reached 



EVENTS OF 1781. I53 

ravaged, first by the traitor Arnold in January, and by General 
Phillips in March. Their depredations had been somewhat 
cheeked by General La Fayette, but his force was too weak to 
oppose the enemy after the arrival of Cornwallis. 

17. Soon after Cornwallis reached Petersburg he sent out de- 
tachments, which overran the country and destroyed much property. 
One of these detachments penetrated as far as Charlottesville, 
captured several members of the Virginia Legislature, and came 
near capturing the governor, Thomas Jefferson. 

18. In June, Sir Henry Clinton became uneasy about an attack 
which he thought Washington was contemplating against New 
York, and sent orders to Cornwallis to take post near the sea, so 
that he might, if necessary, go to the assistance of the British 
army at that place. 

19. Cornwallis accordingly proceeded to Yorktown, and began 
to construct fortifications. Gloucester Point, on the opposite side 
of the river, was held by Colonel Tarleton with a small body of 
British troops. 

20. AVashington had indeed intended, in concert with the 
French fleet, to attack Sir Henry Clinton in New York, but con- 
cluding that his chances for success would be better if he attacked 
Cornwallis, he abandoned his first intention, and resolved to march 
into Virginia. He manoeuvred so as to lead Clinton to suppose 
that he still designed to attack New York, and that general did 
not find out his mistake until Washington had actually crossed 
the Delaware on his southward march. 

21. As soon as Clinton discovered Washington's intention he 

Petersburg? "What had happened previous to his arrival? How bad their 
depredations been somewhat checked ? 

17. What did Cornwallis do soon after reaching Petersburg? What did 
one of these detachments do ? 

18. What did Sir Henry Clinton become uneasy about in June? What 
orders did he send to Cornwallis ? 

19. Describe the movements of Cornwallis. 

20. What had Washington intended? What did he conclude ? How did 
he manoeuvre? When did Clinton find out Washington's design ? 



154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

immediately sent an expedition into Connecticut, under the traitor 
Arnold, hoping thereby to recall the American commander from 
his expedition against Cornwallis. Arnold acted with great bar- 
barity in Connecticut. He burned New London, and his Hessians 
captured Fort Trumbull, which was abandoned on their approach, 
and carried Fort Griswold by storm, putting the greater part of 
the garrison to the sword. 

22. These atrocities did not recall Washington from his pur- 
pose. He hastened his march southward, and by the 30th of 
September the combined armies of France and the United States 
had invested York town and cut off all escape by land. The 
French fleet under the Count de Grasse blockaded the James and 
York Rivers, and cut off from Cornwallis all hope of escape by 
sea. The allied armies numbered sixteen thousand men, of whom 
seven thousand were French. The British army numbered about 
eight thousand men. 

23. On the evening of the 9th of October, Washington opened 
his batteries on the British fortifications, on the 14th two redoubts 
were carried by assault, and on the 16th nearly one hundred pieces 
of artillery opened on their works, with such telling effect as to 
batter down the walls and silence nearly every cannon. On the 
night of the IGth, Cornwallis attempted to cross the York River 
with all his force, cut his way through the small force on the op- 
posite side, and thus escape ; but his plan totally fiiiled. Nothing 
was now left him but surrender. The terms were arranged at 
Moore s house, near the American lines on York River, and on 
the 19th of October over seven thousand men laid down their 
arms. The British shipping in the harbor was surrendered to 

21. What did Clinton do as soon as he discovered Washington's design? 
Give an account of Arnold's conduct in Connecticut. 

22. Meanwhile, what did Washington do ? What had happened by the 30th 
of September? What did the French fleet do? What did the allied armies 
number? What did the British army number? 

23. Give an account of the progress of the siege. What happened on the 
night of the 16th of October? What was now left him? Where were the 
terms arranged ? When did the surrender take place? How many men sur- 



EVENTS OF 1781. 155 

the French naval commander, the Count de Grasse. A laroje 
crowd from the surrounding country had gathered at Yorktown 
to witness the surrender, but Cornwallis, chagrined and mortified, 
feigned sickness, and sent his sword by General O'Hara. Wash- 
ington directed that it should be delivered to General Lincoln, 
who eighteen months before had surrendered at Charleston. 
Five days after the surrender Sir Henry Clinton arrived at the 
mouth of the Chesapeake Bay with seven thousand troops to re- 
inforce Cornwallis, but finding that he was too late, returned im- 
mediately to New York. 

24. The news of this glorious victory spread rapidly through- 
out the country, and excited everywhere the wildest joy. All felt 
that the British power in America was broken, and that peace 
was near at hand. Congress appointed the 13th day of Decem- 
ber as a day of thanksgiving. 

25. After the surrender of Cornwallis the British troops were 
confined to the cities of New York, Charleston, and Savannali. 
George III., King of England, was obstinate, and was in favor of 
raising larger armies and continuing the war, but the people of 
England were determined that it should end. In March, 1782, 
the House of Commons passed a resolution that all should be 
considered as public enemies who should advise a continuance of 
the war. Lord North, the Prime Minister, was obliged to resign, 
and one was appointed who favored peace. Sir Henry Clinton 
was removed from command, and Sir Guy Carleton was appointed 
in his place, with instructions not to renew hostilities. 

26. Negotiations for peace were now entered into. Five corn- 



rendered ? To whom was the British shipping surrendered ? Describe the 
surrender. What happened five days after the surrender ? 

24. What is said of the news of this victory ? How did all feel ? What 
did Congress do ? 

25. To what points were the British confined after this ? What of George 
irr., King of England ? What of the people of England ? What did the 
House of Commons do in March, 1782? What of Lord North? Who was 
appointed to command in America? With what instructions? 



156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

missioners were appointed on the part of the United States and 
five on the part of Great Britain. The American commissioners 
were John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin FrankHn, Thomas Jef- 
ferson, and Henry Laurens. Jefferson was unable to serve. The 
commissioners met at Paris, and on the 30th of November, 1*782, 
a provisional treaty of peace was signed. The final treaty was 
signed on the 3d of September, 1*783. The first article of the 
treaty began as follows : " His Britannic Majesty acknowledges 
the said United States, viz.. New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, 
Khode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Greorgia, to be free, sover- 
eign, and independent States." The Mississippi was fixed as the 
boundary of the United States on the west and the Great Lakes 
as the boundary on the north. At the same time England made 
peace with France, Spain, and Holland, and ceded back to Spain 
her possessions of East and West Florida. 

27. The last post in the United States held by the British was 
New York. This city was evacuated on the 25th of November, 
1783. Savannah and Charleston had been abandoned the pre- 
vious year. 

26. How many commissioners were appointed to draw up a treaty of peace? 
Who were the American commissioners ? What of Jefferson ? Where and 
when did the commissioners mpet,, and what did they do? When was the 
final treaty signed ? How does the first article of the treaty begin ? What 
were fixed as the boundaries? With what other powers did England make 
peace ? What did she cede back to Spain ? 

27. What was the last post in the United States held by the British ? When 
was this city evacuated ? When had Charleston and Savannah been evac- 
uated ? 



THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 157 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE FORMATION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.— THE 
ELECTION OF AVASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. 

1. Independence was now achieved, and there was through- 
out the whole country a feeling of unbounded joy and enthusiasm 
at the glorious termination of the war. The people, however, did 
not realize at once all the blessings which they had hoped would 
follow the achievement of their independence. New troubles 
arose, which filled the minds of the most hopeful with gloomy 
forebodings for the future. 

2. Some of the causes of these troubles were the state of the 
army and the destitute condition of the treasury and of the coun- 
try at large. The States failed to pay the assessments laid upon 
them by Congress, and hence there was no money with which to 
pay the army. At length threats of violence arose in the ranks 
of the army at Newburgh, and it required all Washington's influ- 
ence to prevent not only the men, but some of the ofiicers, from 
resorting to violent means to obtain what was due them. Wash- 
ington's address to the soldiers on this occasion was full of senti- 
ments of the most exalted patriotism. Congress did all that it 
could to provide for the pressing wants of the army, which was 
kept together until after the evacuation of New York. 

3. At the end of November the army was disbanded, and on 
' the 4th of December Washington bade an afi'ectionate farewell to 

1. Did the people at once realize all the blessings which they had antici- 
pated ? What arose '/ 

2. What were some of the causes of those troubles ? Why did Congress 
have no money to pay the army with ? What of the army at Newburgh? 
What of Washington's address to the soldiers on this occasion ? What did 
Congress do ? 

3. What happened at the end of November ? What did Washington do on 

14 



158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

his officers. He then went to Annapolis, Maryland, where Con- 
gress was sitting, and on the 23d of December, when peace and 
quiet reigned throughout the land, resigned his commission as 
commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. 

4. A great source of trouble, and one which was felt every- 
where, was the great public debt which had been contracted dur- 
ing the war. Some of this was due to citizens of the United 
States, and a large amount to Holland and France. In order to 
meet the interest on this debt heavy taxation was required, and 
this bore most heavily upon the laboring classes. In Massachu- 
setts there resulted from this heavy taxation a rebellion styled 
from the name of the leader in it Shays's Rebellion. This was 
suppressed by the firmness of Governor Bowdoin and the activity 
of General Lincoln. No one was punished for participation in it. 

5. In 178G the Legislature of Virginia recommended a conven- 
tion of the States to regulate commerce. Only five States, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia, re- 
sponded to this call. The convention met at Annapolis, in Mary- 
land, on the 11th of September, 1T86, but did nothing except to 
recommend a general convention of all the States to assemble at 
Philadelphia in May, 1*787, for the purpose of revising the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. On the 21st of February, 1787, Congress 
recommended the assembling of the proposed convention. It was 
evident that unless the Articles of Confederation could be amended 
in some way the Union could not be preserved. 

6. To this call for a convention all the States responded except 
Rhode Island. On the 14th of May, 1787, the convention met 

the 4th of December ? What did he do at Annnpolis, Maryland, on the 23d 
of December ? 

4. What was a great source of trouble? To whom was this debt due? 
What resulted in Massachusetts from the heavy taxation ? How was it sup- 
pressed ? 

5. What did the Virginia Legislature recommend in 1786? How many 
States responded ? Where and when did the convention meet? What did it 
recommend? What did Congress do? What was evident? 

6. AVhat States responded to this call ? When and where did the conven- 



THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 



159 



in the city of Philadelphia. It consisted of some of the ablest 
statesmen that ever assembled in America. George Washington 
was elected president of the convention. 

7. The great evil under the Articles of Confederation was that 
many of the laws of the Union ap- 
plied only to States, and did not act 
directly upon the people. When Con- 
gress enacted that certain amounts of 
money should be raised by the States 
respectively, the collection of the 
amounts depended upon the subse- 
quent action of the State Legisla- 
tures. In fact, the United States 
consisted of thirteen independent 
republics, bound together by a loose 
bond of union. They were, as AVash- 
ington expressed it, " One nation to- 
day and thirteen to-morrow." 

8. As a remedy for this state of 
affiurs Thomas Jeiferson, at that time 
minister to France, proposed, in a 

letter to Madison, that the laws of the Union should within cer- 
tain prescribed limits act directly upon individuals. He also pro- 
posed that the powers conferred upon the Federal government 
should be divided into three departments, viz. : Legislative, Execu- 
tive, and Judiciary. Jefferson's advice was adopted. The conven- 
tion was in session four months, during which time several plans 
were discussed. Several times serious differences of opinion arose 
which threatened to defeat the object for which the convention 




WASHINGTON. 



tion meet ? Of what did it consist ? Who was elected president of the con- 
vention ? 

7. What was the great evil under the Articles of Confederation ? On what 
did the collection of amounts enacted by Congress depend ? Of what did the 
United States consist? AVhat did Washington say they were? 

8. What did Thomas Jefferson propose ? What else did he propose ? AVas 
his advice adopted ? How long was the convention in session ? What of dif- 



160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

had been called. It was on one of these occasions that Dr. Frank- 
lin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, recommended that the daily 
sessions be opened with prayer. " If," said he, " a sparrow can- 
not fall to the ground without God's notice, is it possible that an 
empire can rise without his aid?'' 

9. The result of the four months' labors of the convention was 
the formation of the Constitution of the United States. Accord- 
ing to this instrument the legislative or law-making power of the 
United States is vested in a Congress, which consists of two houses, 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. Representatives 
are apportioned among the several States according to their popu- 
lation, and are elected by the people directly. Each State has 
two Senators elected by the Legislature. The Executive of the 
United States is styled President. Before a bill can become a 
law it must be passed by both the Senate and the House of Repre- 
sentatives, and receive the sanction of the President. If the 
President vetoes or refuses to approve the bill, it cannot become a 
law unless passed again by a two-thirds majority of both houses. 

The judicial power of the United States is vested in one 
supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. 

10. Such powers were delegated by the States as would allow 
to the Federal government the right to control in matters pertain- 
ing to the general interests of all the States. The States reserved 
to themselves the right to manage their domestic aihiirs in their 
own way, with the proviso that no law of a State should be in 
conflict with the Constitution of the United States. 



ferences of opinion ? What did Dr. Franklin recommend ? What did he say 
about it ? 

9. What was the result of the four months' labors of the convention ? Ac- 
cording to the Constitution, in what is the law-making power vested ? How 
are Representatives apportioned? What of Senators? What is the Executive 
styled ? What is necessary before a bill can become a law ? What, if the 
President vetoes it ? In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 

10. What powers were delegated by the States? What did the States re- 
serve to themselves ? 



THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. IGl 

11. Amendments to the Constitution can be adopted by the 
consent of three-fourths of the States, whereas under the original 
Articles of Union they could only be adopted by the consent of 
all the States. This change was made with the proviso that no 
amendment could ever be made which would deprive any State 
of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

12. As the Constitution was different in several important re- 
spects from the Articles of Confederation, it was agreed that when 
nine of the thirteen States should ratify the Constitution it should 
be established between those nine States. This was equivalent 
to breaking up the old Union and forming a new one. 

13. When the Constitution adopted by the convention was 
submitted by Congress to the several States, it did not meet with 
immediate approval, but encountered considerable opposition in 
several of them. Before the close of the year 1788 it was rati- 
fied by all the States except North Carolina and Rhode Island. 
Virginia ratified it with the provision that she should be per- 
mitted to withdraw from the Union whenever the powers of the 
Federal government should be used for oppression. 

14. According to the terms of the Constitution, the new govern- 
ment was to go into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. The 
necessary elections were held in all the ratifying States except New 
York. George Washington, of Virginia, received every electoral 
vote cast for the ofiice of President, and John Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, was elected Vice-President by a majority of the votes cast. 

15. Washington, being duly notified of his election, set out 
from his home at Mount Vernon, in Virginia, intending to travel 



11. How can amendments to the Constitution be adopted? How was it 
under the original Articles of Union ? With what proviso was this change 
uvide ? 

12. What was further agreed? What was this equivalent to? 

13. Did the Constitution meet with immediate approval by all the States ? 
How many States had ratified before the close of 1788 ? With what provision 
did Virginia ratify ? 

14. When was the new government to go into operation? Where were 
elections held ? Who were elected President and Vice-President ? 

14* 



1G2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

privately, without attracting public attention, to New York, at 
that time the seat of government. But it was impossible to re- 
strain the enthusiasm of the people. Everywhere on his journey 
he was received with public manifestations of love and esteem. 
At Trenton a magnificent display was made. A triumphal arch 
surmounted by appropriate inscriptions spanned the way on which 
lie was to pass, and the road was strewn with flowers by little 
girls dressed in white, who sang songs of welcome to him whom 
all regarded as the father of his country. 

16. His reception in New York was grand beyond anything 
ever before witnessed in that city. The inauguration took place 
on the 30th of April, 1789, in the presence of an immense mul- 
titude, who had assembled to witness the imposing ceremonies. 
The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, 
Chancellor of the State. 

17. The first session of Congress under the new Constitution 
continued nearly six months. Early in 1790, at the second ses- 
sion of the new Congress, Washington announced the gratifying 
fact that North Carolina had acceded to the Constitution of 1787, 
and on the 1st of June of the same year he announced, by special 
message, the like accession of the State of Rhode Island. *0n 
this occasion AVashington congratulated the Congress, then in ses- 
sion, on the happy event which " united under the General Gov- 
ernment all the States which were originally confederated." 

The United States, forming the most perfect model of a " Con- 
federated Republic" (as Washington styled it) ever devised by the 
wisdom of man, now entered upon a prosperous and brilliant career. 



15. AVhat did Washington do when notified of his election ? How was he 
everywhere received ? Describe his reception at Trenton. 

Ifi. What of his reception in New York ? What of the inauguration? By 
whom was the oath of office administered? 

17. How long did the first session of Congress under the new Constitution 
continue? At the second session of the new Congress, early in 1790, what 
did Washington announce ? What did he announce on the 1st of June of the 
same year ? What did Washington do on this occa.>^i(>n ? On what did the 
United States now enter? 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART SECOND. 163 



Topical Review of Part Second. 

1. Soon after the close of the French and Indian AVar disputes 
began between the colonies and the mother-country. The quarrel 
was caused by the determination of Parliament to tax the colo- 
nies and the determination of the people not to submit, for the 
reason that they had no representation in the British Parliament, 
and thought taxation without representation unjust. The dispute 
finally led to open war, which broke out on the 19th of April, 
1775, at Lexington, Massachusetts. 

2. Principal Events of 1775. — Battle of Lexington, April 18; 
American victory. In May Americans capture Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point. George Washington appointed commander- 
in-chief, June 15. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17; British 
success, but under such circumstances as greatly to encourage the 
Americans. On the 5th of July the Americans capture a British 
vessel near Savannah, Georgia, with thirteen thousand pounds of 
pow^der, five thousand of which they send to Boston. Lord Bun- 
more defeated in Virginia towards the end of the year. In Sep- 
tember Americans invade Canada ; take two forts and Montreal, 
but fail at Quebec, losing their commander. General Montgomery, 
after which they retire from Canada. 

3. Principal Events of 1776. — British evacuate Boston and 
Americans occupy it on the 17th of March. British defeated at 
Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, on the 28th of June. Declara- 
tion of Independence, July 4, 1776. Defeat of the Americans 
at Long Island, August 27, which leads to British occupation 
of New York City. Americans defeated at White Plains, October 
28. British capture Fort Washington and garrison, November 17. 
Washington retreats soon after across New Jersey into Pennsyl- 
vania. On Christmas night Washington recrosses the Delaware, 
and on the next morning gains the battle of Trenton. 

4. Principal Events of 1777. — American victory at Princeton, 
January 3, followed by the recovery of most of New Jersey. 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Defeat of the Americans on the Brandy wine, September 11. 
British occupy Philadelphia, September 26. Americans repulsed 
at Grermantown, October 4. British repulsed soon after at Red 
Bank. In latter part of October Forts Mifflin and Mercer cap- 
tured by the British. During the same time a campaign was 
going on in New York State, of which the principal events were : 
British capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point, July 6, and soon 
after Fort Edward. American victory at Bennington, August 16. 
British raise the siege of Fort Schuyler, August 22. Indecisive 
battle at Stillwater, September 19. American victory at Still- 
water, October 7. Burgoyne surrenders a British army of six 
thousand men at Saratoga, October 17. 

5. Frincipal Events of 1778. — France recognizes the inde- 
pendence of the United States and forms an alliance with the 
Americans, February 6. British evacuate Philadelphia, June 
18. American advantage at Monmouth, June 28. In July the 
French and Americans carry on an unsuccessful siege of New- 
port, Rhode Island. During the same month massacre of Wy- 
oming. In November massacre in Cherry Valley. British 
capture Savannah, Georgia, December 29. 

6. Principal Events of 1779. — American victory at Kettle 
Creek, Greorgia, February 14. American defeat at Brier Creek, 
Georgia, March 3. In February occurred Tryon's raid in Con- 
necticut. British capture Stony Point, May 31, and Yerplanck's 
Point, June 1. On the 15th of July Americans recapture 
Stony Point. Americans capture Paulus Hook, July 19. The 
Americans, under Sullivan, utterly defeat the Indian allies of the 
British during the summer. Americans and French repulsed at 
Savannah, October 9. During the year Spain declared war 
against Enoland. 

7. Principal Events of 1780. — British capture Charleston, 
South Carolina, May 12. Defeat of the Americans near Cam- 
den, August 16. In September, Arnold's treason is discovered. 
About the middle of the same month the Americans fiiil to re- 
take Augusta, Georgia. American victory at King's Mountain, 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART SECOND. 165 

October 7. Some smaller successes were gained during the year 
in the Carolinas and Georgia by Marion, Sumter, and Clarke. 
In December Holland was added to the enemies of England. 

8. Principal Events of 1781. — Mutinies in the American 
camp. Ratification of the Articles of Confederation. Arnold's 
raid in Virginia. American victory at the Cowpens, in South 
Carolina, January 17. Retreat of Greene through North Caro- 
lina into Virginia. Return of Greene into North Carolina and 
battle of Guilford Court-House, March 15 ; British successful, 
but unable to profit by it. Americans defeated at Hobkirk's Hill, 
April 25. Americans soon after capture Forts Watson, Motte, 
Granby, and Orangeburg. Americans capture Augusta, June 5, 
but are repulsed soon after at Ninety-Six. American success at 
Eutaw Springs, September 8. Washington begins the siege of 
Yorktown, Virginia, September 12. On the 19th of October, 
Cornwallis surrenders his army, numbering seven thousand 
British troops. 

9. Principal Events of 1782. — The British government now 
gave up all hope of conquering the United States. The British 
evacuated Savannah on the 11th of July, 1782. On the 30th of 
November a provisional treaty of peace was signed at Paris. On 
the 14th of December the British evacuated Charleston. 

10. Principal Events of 1783. — The final treaty of peace was 
signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. The British evacuated New 
York, November 25. Washington resigned his commission as 
commander-in-chief, December 23. 

11. On the 14th of May, 1787, a convention of delegates from 
all the States except Rhode Island assembled in Philadelphia. 
This convention framed the Constitution of the United States. 
By the close of 1788 all the States except North Carolina and 
Rhode Island had ratified that instrument. On the 30th of April, 
1789, George Washington was inaugurated as President, and the 
government under the Constitution began. At the close of 1789 
North Carolina ratified the Constitution, and in June, 1790, 
Rhode Island also ratified it. 



FROM THE BEGINNING OF AVASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO 
THE CLOSE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. 








CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 



CHAPTER I. 

ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 

1. As lias already been mentioned, the first session of the First 
Congress under the new Constitution lasted nearly six months. 
Among the first things that engaged the attention of Congress 
were certain amendments to the Constitution which had been in- 
sisted on by most of the States at the time of their ratification of 
that instrument. In seven of the States, Massachusetts and Vir- 
ginia taking the lead in the matter, the ratification of the Consti- 
tution had been secured by the assurance that these amendments 



1. What were among the first things that demanded the attention of Con- 
gress ? IIow many amendments were adopted ? 
IGG 



ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 167 

would soon be incorporated in it. Accordingly, ten important 
amendments were agreed to by Congress, and being sent back to 
the States for tlieir approval, were soon adopted by them. 

2. One of these amendments was, that " the powers not dele- 
gated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by 
it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
people." Mr. Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, before the adop- 
tion of the Constitution, said of this amendment, " It is consonant 
with the second article in the present Confederation, that each 
State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every 
power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation 
expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled." 

3. The Federal judiciary was also organized by this Congress. 
The following judges of the Supreme Court were nominated by 
Washington and confirmed by the Senate : John Jay, of New 
York, Chief Justice; and John Rutledge, of South Carolina, 
James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, Robert II. Harrison, of Mary- 
land, and John Blair, of Virginia, Associate Judges. 

4. Congress also established the subordinate executive offices of 
Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, 
and Attorney-Greneral. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was nom- 
inated by Washington, and confirmed by the Senate, as Secretary 
of State. In like manner Colonel Alexander Hamilton, of New 
York, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury ; General Henry 
Knox, of Massachusetts, Secretary of War ; and Edmund Ran- 
dolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General. These officers constituted 
the President's Cabinet. Congress has since created two other 
departments, the Navy and the Interior, and the heads of these, 
together with the Postmaster-General, have seats in the Cabinet. 



2. What was one of these amendments ? What did Samuel Adams, of 
Massachusetts, say of it ? 

3. Who was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? Who Asso- 
ciate Judges ? 

4. What subordinate executive offices were established? What do these 
constitute? 



168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. Congress provided a revenue for the support of the govern- 
ment by laying duties on all imported goods. Such duties are 
called a tariff. 

6. Under the wise management of Alexander Hamilton, the 
Secretary of the Treasury, the war debt of the general government 
and of the several States, amounting in all to about seventy-four 
millions of dollars, was funded, and afterwards paid. In 1791 
the Bank of the United States was established. There now began 
a season of great prosperity. The people had confidence in their 
government, and business interests of all kinds revived. 

7. At the second session of the First Congress, in February, 
1790, a petition was presented to that body, headed by Dr. Ben- 
jamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, urging the Federal authorities 
to adopt measures looking to the ultimate abolition of African 
slavery throughout the Union ; but Congress passed a resolution 
to the effect that it had no authority to interfere in the eman- 
cipation of slaves, and that settled the question for the time. 
Before the War of the Revolution slavery existed in all the colo- 
nies. After that war some of the States, where the institution 
was not profitable, abolished slavery, and others introduced gradual 
emancipation. The people of the different Southern States re- 
tained slavery because slave labor was profitable, and because 
there were so many negroes in their States that they deemed it 
dangerous to free them in their midst. 

8. At this same session of Congress an act was passed fixing 
the seat of government at Philadelphia for ten years after 1790, 
and declaring that after the first Monday in December, 1800, it 
should be permanently established within a district of territory 
not exceeding ten miles square, situated on the eastern bank of 
the Potomac. To the territory afterwards ceded and accepted for 

5. For what did Congress provide? ' 

6. What happened under the wise management of Secretary Hamilton? 

7. Who presented a petition for the abolition of slavery? What did Con- 
gress do ? 

8. What act was passed by Congress in regard to the seat of government? 



ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. IGO 

this purpose was given the name of the District of Cohimbia. 
The site of the capital city was chosen by Washington himself, 
and was named in his honor. 

9. The first census of the United States was taken in 1V90, 
and showed the total population to be 3,929,000. 

10. Indian troubles began during this same year to manifest 
themselves among the Creeks in Georgia, and also among the 
tribes west of the Ohio. The chiefs of the Creeks were induced 
to visit New York, where a treaty was made with them by Wash- 
ington, but the troubles in the Northwest were not so amicably 
settled. 

11. By the Northwestern Territory is meant that portion of 
country lying between the Ohio River and the Mississippi, which 
latter river at that time constituted the western boundary of the 
United States. At the close of the war of independence several of 
the States (Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and A^irginia) 
had claims to this region, though by far the larger portion was 
within the limits of Virginia. In 1786 these States had given 
up their claims to their western territory to the general govern- 
ment. Virginia coupled the surrender of her claims with the 
stipulation that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude in the said Territory, except as a punishment for crime, 
and when, in 1787, Congress organized the Northwest Territory 
that stipulation was placed in the act of organization. 

12. This Northwest Territory was rapidly filling up with set- 
tlers, who were annoyed by the frequent incursions of the In- 
dians. At length it became necessary to send an expedition 
against the Indians. In the fall of 1790 General Harmer, with 



What name was given to the district ceded for the purpose ? What name to 
the capital ? 

9. What did the first census show the population of the United States to be ? 

10. How were troubles with the Creek Indians settled? 

11. What is meant by the Northwestern Territory ? What States had claims 
to it? Which one had the largest claim ? What did the States do in 17SG ? 
With what stipulation did Virginia couple the surrender of her claim? 

12. How were settlers in the Northwest Territory annoyed? Give an ao* 
H 15 



170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

about fifteen hundred men, marched against them. He burned 
several Indian towns, but in October he was defeated in two bat- 
tles, and was then removed from command. The next year Gen- 
eral St. Clair, who had been appointed to succeed him, was sur- 
prised in the wilderness of the Wabash by Little Turtle, the 
Miami chief, on the 4th of November, and his army routed, with 
the loss of their artillery and baggage. Soon after this, however, 
most of the tribes abandoned the league. The Miamis refused 
to make peace until General Wayne was sent against them. This 
general, called by his soldiers " Mad Anthony," on account of his 
daring courage, utterly defeated the Miamis in a bloody battle 
near the rapids of the Maumee on the 4th of November, 1794, 
after which he laid waste their country. Next year peace was 
made at Fort Greeneville. 

13. In October, 1791, Congress passed an act providing for 
the organization and discipline of the militia of the several States. 
At the same session an act was passed imposing an excise on dis- 
tilled spirits. In the western part of Pennsylvania the people 
openly resisted the collection of this tax. In May, 1792, Congress 
passed an act authorizing the President to call out the militia. 
Washington issued a proclamation urging the people to refrain 
from violence. The trouble did not cease until 1794, when 
Washington called out fifteen thousand militia under General 
Henry Lee (the famous Light-Horse Harry), when the insurgents 
becoming alarmed dispersed, and the " Whiskey Insurrection" 
was at an end. 

14. In the fall of 1792 occurred the second Presidential elec- 
tion. General Washington was unanimously re-elected to the 
office of President, and John Adams was re-elected Vice-President. 

15. The French Revolution and the wars growing out of it had 



count of Harmer's expedition. What of St. Clair's expedition? What of 
General Wayne's expedition ? 

13. AThat acts were passed by Congress in October, 1791 ? Where was the 
tax on distilled spirits resisted ? Give an account of the Whiskey Insurrection. 

14. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1792 ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 171 

at this time an important bearing on the politics of the United 
States. The French had overthrown their ancient government, 
and in 1793 they executed their king, Louis XVI. Enghmd, 
Spain, and Holland declared war against France. The sympathy 
of a majority of the people of the United States was with the 
French, and this sympathy produced a strong desire to aid France 
in the conflict. Washington knew, however, that it was the part 
of wisdom to remain neutral. 

IG. Genet, minister of the Frendi Republic to the United 
States, arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, in April, 1793. 
He endeavored to incite the people to hostile acts against Great 
Britain, in consequence of which Washington demanded his re- 
call. The French government complied with Washington's de- 
mand, and sent F'auchet in his place. 

17. In 1794 the feeling in the United States was very bitter 
towards England, and many prominent men wished to declare war 
against that country. The reason for this was that British troops 
continued to hold the forts on Lake Erie and vicinity, in disregard 
of the treaty of peace of 1783, and American merchant vessels 
on their way to French ports were seized, and their seamen 
violently taken from them. 

18. In order to avert war at this critical period, John Jay, 
Chief Justice of the United States, was sent as a special envoy to 
England. He succeeded in negotiating a treaty by which war 
was averted and the honor of the United States maintained. The 
provisions of the treaty met the approval of Washington, and it 
was ratified on the 14th of August, 1795. In many quarters, 
however, there was bitter opposition to this treaty. 



15. What of the French Revolution and the wars growing out of it ? What 
had the French done ? Who declared war against them ? With whom did 
the majority of the people in the United States sympathize? 

16. Whatof the conduct of Genet? What did Washington demand? What 
did the French government do ? 

17. What caused bitter feelings towards England? 

18. Who was sent as special envoy to England ? What did he succeed in 
doing ? Who approved it ? How was the treaty received in many quarters ? 



172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

19. A treaty with Spain was made during the same year, by 
which the buiiudarics between the Spanish pussessiuns of Louisi- 
ana and Florida and the United States were definitely settled. 
Spain also granted to the United States the right to navigate the 
Mississippi, and the privilege of using New Orleans as a place of 
deposit for ten years. 

20. About the same time a treaty was made with Algiers, a 
Barbary power, on the northern coast of Africa, by which was 
accomplished the release of captive citizens of the United States 
who were held by that country. 

21. In 1795, Monsieur Adet came to the United States as 
French minister. He behaved worse than Genet had ever done. 
He accused the Federal administration of acting in bad faith to 
the French, the former allies of the United States. His eiForts, 
however, availed nothing, for the people had the greatest confi- 
dence in Washington. 

22. The third Presidential election was held in the fall of 1796. 
The people desired Washington to become President for the third 
time, but he refused, and John Adams, of Massachusetts, was 
elected to succeed him. Thomas JeiFerson, of Virginia, was 
elected Vice-President. On AVashington's retirement he issued 
his famous farewell address, which abounded in sentiments of the 
most exalted patriotism. 

23. The eight years of Washington's administration had been 
a season of great prosperity to the United States. The finances of 
the country were no longer embarrassed, and new life had been 
infused into every department of industry. The exports of the 
country had increased from nineteen million to more than fifty- 



19. What treaty was made with Spain ? What did Spain grant ? 

20. What was accomplished by the treaty with Algiers ? 

21. Describe Adet's conduct in America. AVhat of his efforts? 

22. Who was elected President in 1796 ? Why was not Washington elected ? 
Who was elected Vice-President ? 

23. What of the condition of the country during Washington's adminis- 
tration ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. I73 

six million dollars, iiml imports had increased in about the same 
proportion. 

24. The dtscoi'cri/ of coal, in ITOI, by a hunter on the Mauc-h 
Chunk (mawk chunk) Mountain, in Pennsylvania, led to the 
rapid development of the great coal region of that State. 

25. The invention of the cotton-gin, in 1792, by Eli Whitney, 
of Massachusetts, who was at the time living in Georgia, produced 
wonderful results. It gave a new impetus to the cultivation of 
cotton, and made it the staple production of the Southern States. 

26. Three new States were admitted to the Union during 
Washington's administration. These were Vermont, Kentucky, 
and Tennessee. 

Vermont had been originally claimed by both New York and 
New Hampshire. The first settlement was at Brattleborough, in 




SEAL OF VERMONT. 



1724. In 1777, during the War of the Revolution, the inhab- 
itants declared the " New Hampshire grants" an independent 
State. In 1791 New York relinquished her claim on the pay- 
ment of thirty thousand dollars, and on the 4th of March of that 
year Vermont was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth 
State. The name signifies Green Mountains. 

Kentucl^ij, the fifteenth State, was admitted to the Union on 
the 2d of June, 1792. The name means " Dark and Bloody 

24. What important discovery in 1791 ? To what did it lead ? 

25. What important invention in 1792 ? To what did it give a new impetus ? 

26. What new States were admitted during Washington's administration ? 
Tell what is said of Vermont. Of Kentucky. Of Tennessee. 

15^ 



174 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Ground," and it was so called on account of tlie fierce conflicts 
between the whites and Indians. Daniel Boone, the first settler, 




SEAL OP KENTLXKY. 



roamed through the forests of this region for two years, and after 
many adventures with the Indians, built a fort at Boonesborough, 
and there established the first permanent white settlement. In 
June, 1775, he brought his family there. Kentucky was at that 
time a part of Virginia. When A^irginia ceded her western lands, 
Kentucky was not included in the Northwest Territory, and, as 
the inhabitants so desired, was admitted into the Union with a 
constitution which allowed African slavery 

Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted to the Union June 
1, 179G. It derives its name from the river Tennessee, which is 




SEAL OP TENNESSEE. 

an Indian word meaning " the river with the great bend." This 
region was originally a part of North Carolina. The first perma- 
nent settlement was in 1756, at Fort Loudon, thirty miles from 
the present site of Knoxville. In 1789 North Carolina gave up 
her claim to this region. It was then joined to Kentucky, and 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 175 

was afterwards organized as a separate territory. The first rep- 
resentative of Tennessee in Congress was Andrew Jackson, des- 
tined afterwards to exert a wonderful influence on the history of 
his country. The constitution of Tennessee also permitted the 
institution of African slavery. 



CHAPTER 11. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 

1. John Adams was inaugurated on the 4th of INIarch, 1197, 
at Philadelphia, in the presence of both Houses of Congress and 
a large concourse of people. 

2. The difficulties existing heticeen France and the United 
States first occupied the attention of the new administration. 
For the purpose of bringing about a friendly settlement of these 
difiiculties three special envoys were sent to France. These en- 
voys were Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, El- 
bridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, and John Marshall, of Virginia. 

3. The French Minister of Foreign Afl"airs, M. Talleyrand, 
refused to receive them in their official capacity, but through 
other parties intimated to the envoys that the payment of two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars would secure their official rec- 
ognition and a settlement of all matters in dispute. " Millions 
for defence, but not one cent for tribute," was the spirited reply 
of Mr. Pinckney to this proposition, and it found an echo in every 
patriot heart throughout the United States. 



1. When was John Adams inaugurated ? 

2. What was done in order to bring about a friendly settlement with France ? 
AVho were the envoys ? 

.3. What did the French minister demand? What was Mr. Pinckney 's 
reply ? 



176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Mr. Pinckney and Mr. ]\Iarsliall were soon afterwards or- 
dered by the French government to quit France. They obeyed the 
order. Mr. Gerry being invited to remain did so, but effected 
nothing. 

5. Congress passed a resolution declaring all treaties with 
France to be abrogated, and suspending all commercial intercourse 
with that country. In anticipation of war, George Washington 
was again called from retirement and made commander-in-chief 
of the armies of the United States. Congress also passed acts for 
the protection of navigation, for the defence of the sea-coast, for 
increasing the land and naval forces, and also what are known as 
the Alien and Sedition Acts. 

6. The Allen Act authorized the President to order any for- 
eigner, whom he might believe to be dangerous to the United 
States, to depart from the country, under a heavy penalty for re- 
fusing to obey the order. The Sedition Act made it a crime, 
with a heavy penalty, to write, print, or utter anything scandal- 
ous against the Congress or President of the United States. 
These acts, and the arbitrary manner in which they were en- 
forced, created great discontent and indignation, and made Mr. 
Adams's administration exceedingly unpopular. 

7. ^V'ar between the United States and France was never ac- 
tually declared, but a state of war did exist for a time, and several 
engagements occurred between their armed ships. 

8. In April, 1798, Decatur, in command of the Delaware, cap- 
tured a French privateer, which was added to the United States 
navy, and called the Retaliation ; but it was soon afterwards re- 
taken by the French. On the 9th of February, 1799, Commodore 

4. What was accomplished by the embassy to France ? 

5. What resolution did Congress pass ? Who was called to command the 
armies of the United States ? What acts did Congress pass ? 

6. What of the Alien Act ? What of the Sedition Act ? What did these 
acts create ? 

7. Was war ever actually declared against France? What did exist for a 
time ? 

8. What did Decatur do in April, 1798 ? What did Commodore Truxton 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 177 

Truxton, in command of the United States frigate Constellation, 
captured the French frigate L'Insurgeute, and on the 1st of Feb- 
ruary of the next year worsted the French frigate La Vengeance. 
Fifty French merchant vessels became the prizes of American 
privateers befora tlie termination of hostilities. In 1800, Napo- 
leon Bonaparte became First Consul of the French Republic. 
With him a satisfactory peace was negotiated in October, 1801. 

9. Before the conclusion of peace the whole country was filled 
with mourning, on account of the death of Washington, the illus- 
trious " Father of his Country." This sad event occurred at 
Mount Vernon, his home, on the 14th of December, 1799. 
When the news reached Congress both Houses adjourned. Gen- 
eral Henry Lee, of Virginia, in pronouncing the eulogy upon his 
character, said of him, that he was '• first in war, first in peace, 
and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

10. Another Presidential election occurred in ths fall of 1800. 
The people of the United States had now become divided into 
two great political parties, — the Federalists, who favored a strong 
central government, and the Ilepublicans or Democrats, who in- 
sisted on a strict construction of the Constitution, and believed in 
guarding carefully all the reserved rights of the States. At the 
head of the Federalists stood John Adams, the President, while 
Thomas Jefferson, the Vice-President, was the leader of the Be- 
publicans or Democrats. The Federalists had become exceedingly 
unpopular, and accordingly Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, 
the candidates of the Bepublicans or Democrats, received the 
largest number of votes ; but since each of the successful candi- 

do? How many French merchant vessels were captured? With whom and 
when was peace negotiated ? 

9. What happened before the conclusion of peace? AVhat did General 
Henry Lee say of Washington ? 

10. What occurred in the fall of 1800 ? Into what had the people of the 
United States become divided? What of the Federalists? What of the 
Democrats ? Who was the leader of the Federalists ? Who of the Demo- 
crats ? What was the result of the election? What did the House of Rep- 
resentatives do ? 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dates received an equal number of votes, as the Constitution then 
stood the election devolved upon the House of Representatives. 
That body elected Thomas Jefferson as President and Aaron Burr 
as Vice-President. 



CHAPTER III. 

ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

1. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1801. The ceremony took place at Washington, which had been 
made the seat of government in the summer of 1800. 

2. One of the first objects to which Mr. Jefferson directed his 
attention was the securing from Spain of the free navigation of 
the Mississippi River. In 1802 he received information of the 
fact that Spain had, by a secret treaty in 1800, ceded Louisiana to 
France. Upon receiving this information he sent Mr. Monroe as 
a special minister to France to treat upon the subject in concert 
with Mr. Livingston, the resident minister of the United States at 
Paris. 

3. The negotiations succeeded beyond expectation. Bonaparte 
was willing to treat not only for the free navigation of the Mis- 
sissippi, but also for the cession of the entire Louisiana territory. 

4. The cession of Louisiana was consummated by a treaty 
made with Napoleon Bonaparte on the 30th of April, 1803. Louis- 
iana at that time embraced the vast region lying between the 
Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, the northern portion 
extending to the Pacific Ocean. From this territory have been 

1. When was Thomas Jefferson inaugurated ? Where ? 

2. What was one of the iirst objects to which Mr. Jefferson directed his at- 
tention ? What information did he receive in 1802? Whom did he send as 
minister to France? 

3. What was Bonaparte willing to do? 

4. How was the cession of Louisiana consummated ? What did Louisiana 



formed the States of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Oregon, 
Kansas, Nebraska, part of ^Minnesota, part of Colorado, and vari- 
ous Territories. For all this extensive cession the United States 
paid only fifteen million dollars. When the treaty was concluded 
Napoleon said, " This accession of territory strengthens forever 
the power of the United States, and I have just given to England 
a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." 

5. The acquisition of Louisiana added to the territory of the 
United States more than a million square miles, and more than 
doubled their original limits. The vast increase of power and im- 
portance thus given to the United States added greatly to the 
popularity of Jefferson's administration, which had already won 
the favor of the people by the repeal of all the obnoxious meas- 
ures of the preceding administration. 

6. In 1803 Georgia ceded to the control of the general gov- 
ernment her western lands, embracing nearly one hundred thou- 
sand square miles of territory between the Chattahoochee and 
Mississippi Rivers, out of which were subsequently formed the 
State? of Mississippi and Alabama. 



SEAL OF OHIO. 

7. Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted to the Union 
November 29, 1802. The first permanent settlement in Ohio was 

embrace ? "What have been formed from this territory ? What did the United 
States pay for this vast region ? AVhat did Napoleon say of the treaty ? 

5. What did the acquisition of Louisiana add to the United States? What 
of Jefferson's popularity? 

6. What did Georgia do in 1803 ? What States were afterwards formed 
out of the Georgia cession ? 

7. AVhen was Ohio admitted to the Union ? Tell what is said about Ohio. 



180 HISTORY OF THE V NIT ED STATES. 

made at Marietta, in 1788. It was the first State formed out of 
the great Northwest Territory. The State was called after the 
river of the same name, signifying " Beautiful River." 

8. In 1803 the United States became involved in a war with 
the Barbary Powers, which are situated in the northern part of 
Africa, along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The war was 
caused by depredations committed on American commerce. 

9. Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean in com- 
mand of an American squadron. He brought the Emperor of 
Morocco to terms, and began to act against Tripoli, which had 
declared war against the United States two years previously. 
While the American squadron was before Tripoli the frigate 
Philadelphia, commanded by Captain Bainbridge, while pursuing 
one of the enemy's vessels, got aground in the harbor and was 
captured by the Tripolitans, who made slaves of the crew. Soon 
after Lieutenant Decatur recaptured the Philadelphia, and, as she 
could not be got off, burned her to the water's edge. Tripoli was 
five times bombarded by Commodore Preble, but without result. 

10. In 1805, Commodore Barron, who had succeeded Preble, 
in concert with a land force under Captain Eaton, captured Derne 
and compelled the Bashaw to make peace. The safety of Ameri- 
can commerce and the restoration to liberty of American citizens 
held as slaves by the Tripolitan pirates were accomplished by this 
treaty, which was signed on the 4th of June, 1805. 

11. In the fill of 1804, Mr. Jefferson was elected President 
for a second term, and George Clinton, of New York, was elected 
Vice-President. Their majority was very large over the candi- 
dates of the Federalists, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South 
Carolina, and Bufus King, then of New York. 

8. In what war were the United States involved in 1803 ? 

9. What did Commodore Preble do ? Describe Decatur's gallant exploit 
at Tripoli. 

10. What was accomplished in 1805 by Commodore Barron and Captain 
Eaton? 

11. What hapi>ened in the fall of 1804 ? What of their majority ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 181 

.12. Colonel Aaron Burr, who was Vice-President during Mr. 
Jefferson's first term, in July, 1804, killed Colonel Hamilton in 
a duel, and the circumstances under which the duel was fought 
were such as to bring great odium upon Burr. He was never 
again honored by the people with any office of profit or trust. 

13. In 1806, Burr, who was a man of great talent, was en- 
gaged in planning a military expedition of some sort, and as his 
designs were suspected of being against the peace of the United 
States, he was tried for treason. He was acquitted, but was from 
that time a ruined man. 

14. Soon after his second inauguration, Mr. Jefferson's attention 
was called to the injuries to American commerce growing out of 
the war between England and France. The English government 
issued " Orders in Council'' authorizing the seizure of vessels 
bound for any French port, while the government of France 
issued " Decrees" confiscating all ships with their cargoes that 
should trade at British ports. Many American ships attempting 
to trade at these various ports were captured by either the English 
or French. American merchants protested loudly, but it was of 
no avail. 

15. Hostility to England was increased by the claim of that 
country that her ships had a right to search American vessels and 
take from them any seamen of English birth. This pretended 
right the Americans indignantly denied. But England persisted 
in it, and several times forced American seamen into the British 
navy under the pretence that they were deserters. 

16. In June, 1807, the British man-of-war Leopard, while oif 
the coast of the United States, fired into the United States frigate 

12. What did Colonel Burr do in July, 1804 ? What effect had this upon 
Burr ? 

13. What of Burr's expedition in 1806? What of Burr after this ? 

14. What of the English " Orders in Council" ? What of the French " De- 
crees" ? What effect had these "orders" and " decrees" on American com- 
merce ? 

15. How was hostility to England increased? 

16. Relate the affair of the Leopard and the Chesapeake. What was the 

16 



182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Chesapeake and killed tliree of her men, wounding eighteen 
more. The Chesapeake being totally unprepared for action imme- 
diately struck her colors. The pretence for this outrage was that 
four British seamen were asserted to be on the American ship. 
The President immediately issued a proclamation requiring 
British ships to leave American waters, and demanding repara- 
tion of the British government. That government promptly dis- 
avowed the act of the officer commanding the Leopard, and also 
declared that the " right of search" did not extend to armed ves- 
sels. This allayed the excitement for a while and prevented an 
immediate declaration of war. 

17. The year 1807 is especially remarkable for the first suc- 
cessful application of steam to the propulsion of vessels. Kobert 
Fulton, of New York, was the inventor, and his boat, the Cler- 
mont, started on her first trip up the Hudson to Albany amid the 
cheers of admiring spectators who gathered on the banks of that 
noble stream to witness the novel spectacle. 

18. An Embargo Act was passed by Congress in December, 
1807, by which American trading- vessels were forbidden to leave 
their ports. This act created great dissatisfiction in the New 
England States, and Mr. Jefferson received information, which he 
deemed reliable, that some of them would withdraw from the 
Union unless the act was repealed. At his suggestion it was 
repealed by Congress. 

19. The abolition of the African slave-trade is one of the mem- 
orable events of 1808. The importation of negro slaves into the 
United States after that date was made a crime with a heavy 
penalty. 

20. Another Presidential election occurred in November, 1808. 

pretence for this outrage? What did the President do? What did the Brit- 
ish government do ? 

17. For what is the year 1807 remarkable? Who was the inventor? 

18. What of the Embargo Act? What did this act create? What infor- 
mation did Mr. Jefferson receive? What was done at his suggestion ? 

19. What is one of the memorable events of 1808 ? What of the importa- 
tion of negro slaves after this date ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. 183 

James Madison, of A^irgiiiia, was elected President, and George 
Clinton, of New York, Vice-President. This was another triumph 
over the Federalists, whose candidates were the same as at the 
last election. 



CHAPTER lY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON.— SECOND WAR WITH 
GREAT BRITAIN. 

1. James Madison, the fourth President, was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1809. His administration was made 
memorable by a second war with England. 

2. A Non-Intercourse Act had been passed just before Mr. 
Jefferson's retirement. This act declared that United States 
shipping should be free to trade with all countries except England 
and France. This prohibition was to cease as to England when- 
ever the British government should repeal the " Orders in 
Council," and in the case of France, whenever the " Decrees" 
should be repealed. 

3. Soon after Mr. Madison became President, Mr. Erskine, the 
British minister at Washington, gave assurance that the " Orders 
in Council" would be annulled, whereupon the President issued 
a proclamation suspending the Non-Intercourse Act, so far as it 
related to England. Soon after, the British government informed 
Mr. Madison that Mr. Erskine had acted without authority. 
Accordingly, the Non-Intercourse Act was again declared to be in 
force. 

20. What was the result of the election of 1808 ? 

1. When was James Madison inaugurated? 

2. What can you say of the Non-Intercourse Act ? 

3. What did Mr. Erskine do soon after Madison's inauguration ? What 
did the British government inform Mr. Madison? What was then declared? 



18-4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. In 1810 the United States minister at Paris received official 
information that the " Decrees" of the French government would 
cease to have effect after the 1st of November of that year. The 
Non-Intercourse Act was therefore repealed, as far as France was 
concerned, but continued as to Great Britain. 

5. On the 16th of May, 1811, an event occurred which in- 
flamed still more the war feeling. This was an engagement 
between the United States frigate President and the British sloop- 
of-war Little Belt. The circumstances of the engagement were 
as follows : Commodore Rogers, commanding the President, late 
in the evening met a vessel which he hailed, but was answered by 
a shot which struck his main^mast. He answered this with 
several broadsides, which soon disabled his adversary, and killed 
and wounded thirty-two of the British seamen. On hailing again, 
he was informed that it was the British sloop-of-war Little Belt. 
The American government made reparation for this affair ; but 
the people thought that the British ship was served right, and 
that the British were properly chastised for their overbearing 
insolence. The popular cry throughout the Union at this time 
was " Free Trade and Sailors' Bights." 

6. Indian depredations in the Northwest., which were attributed 
to the instigation of British agents, increased the feeling of hos- 
tility to England. General William Henry Harrison, at that 
time governor of the Territory of Indiana, marched against the 
Indians who had been aroused against the whites by the crafty 
and eloquent Shawnee chief, Tecumseh. 

7. On the Tippecanoe Biver lay the chief town of the hostile 
Indians, under the government of Tecumseh's brother, styled 

4. What information did the United States minister at Paris receive in 
1810? What was then done in regard to the Non-Intercourse Act? 

5. Give an account of the affair of the President and the Little Belt. What 
did the American government do ? What did the people think ? 

6. What of the Indian depredations ? Who marched against the Indians ? 
By whom had the Indians been incited ? 

7. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. What did most of the 
tribes do after this ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. 



185 



" the Propliet." Near this town Harrison was met by some of 
the principal chiefs, who promised submission ; but having no 
faith in their promises, he ordered his men to sleep that night on 
their arms and in order of battle. It was well tliat he did so, 
for before daylight, on the 7th of November, 1811, the Indians 
made a furious assault on the camp. The conflict which followed 
was severe, and the issue was long doubtful, but at length Harri- 
son won a complete victory, after which the Prophet's town was 
burned, the surrounding country laid waste, and most of the tribes 
sued for peace. 

8. British aggressions still continued, and, in anticipation of 
war, Congress voted to increase the regular army to thirty-five 
thousand men, and to give the President authority to accept the 
services of fifty thousand volunteers. Congress also provided for 
a large increase of the navy, and authorized a loan of eleven mil- 
lion dollars. 




SEAL OF LOUISIANA. 



9. Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted into the 
Union on the 8th of April, 1812. This was the first State 
formed out of the territory purchased from France. All the rest 
of that vast region was soon after formed into a Territory styled 
Missouri, with the capital at St. Louis. 

10. On the 20th of April, George Clinton, the Vice-President, 
died, and his place was filled by Wm. H. Crawford, of Greorgia. 



8. What did Congress do on account of British aggressions ? 

9. When was Louisiana admitted ? What was done with the rest of th( 
Louisiana Territory ? 

10. What happened in April ? 

16* 



186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

11. The dispute with Eughind still continued. On the 1st of 
June Mr. Madison recommended to Congress a declaration of war 
against England. This was soon after adopted, and received the 
President's approval on the 18th of the same month. On the 
19th of June, 1812, the Prodamatioii of ^Yar against England 
was published. There was violent opposition to the war in some 
quarters, but the large majority of the American people were 
heartily in favor of it. 

12. The population of the United States at this time was up- 
wards of seven millions, or more than double the population of 
the States at the commencement of the War of the Revolution. 
The people of the United States thought it would be an easy mat- 
ter to bring England to terms by invading Canada ; but they did 
not expect to accomplish much by the navy, for the reason that 
they well knew that the navy of England was far more powerful. 

13. General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was appointed 
commander-in-chief of the American armies, and was especially 
intrusted with the conduct of operations between Lake Erie and 
Lake Champlain. General Dearborn was to take charge himself 
of the eastern end of this line. General Stephen Van Rensselaer 
was to command the army of the centre, while the army of the 
west was to be assigned to General William Hull, at that time 
governor of Michigan. All these forces were to co-operate with 
a view to Montreal as the ultimate point of attack. 

14. In July, General Hull, with about twenty-five hundred 
men, crossed over into Canada from Detroit, and took possession 
of Sandwich. Here he issued a high-sounding proclamation, and 
remained until the 8th of August, when, learning that the British 



11. What did Mr. Madison do on the 1st of June ? When was the procla- 
mation of war published ? 

12. What Avas the population of the United States at this time? AYhat did 
the people think ? 

i;^>. Who was appointed commander of the American armies? What was 
the plan of campaign ? 

11. Give an account of Hull's movements. What sentence was pronounced 
on Hull ? Why was it not carried out ? 



'1 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 187 

had captured tlie importunt post of Mackinaw, he hastily retreated 
to Detroit. Here he was attacked on the IGth of August by 
Greneral Brock, the governor of Upper Canada, with a force of 
seven hundred British and Canadians and six hundred Indians. 
To the great chagrin of his soldiers, Hull surrendered his whole 
army, and with it Detroit and all Michigan. On account of this 
surrender Hull was court-martialed and sentenced to be shot, but 
the President pardoned him on account of former gallant services 
during the War of the Bevolution. 

15. The whole Northwest was now exposed to the invasion of 
the British and the depredations of the Indians. Ten thousand 
volunteers offered their services to the government for its defence. 
They were accepted, and placed under the command of General 
William Henry Harrison. 

16. Fort Dearborn, on the site of the present city of Chicago, 
was captured by the enemy on the 15th of August, and the greater 
part of the garrison were massacred by the Indian allies of the 
British. 

17. The Niagara frontier was the scene of the next conflict. 
On the 13th of October General Van Rensselaer sent about one 
thousand men across the Niagara Biver to attack the British post 
at Queenstown. The troops were led to the assault by Colonel 
Christie and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott, and gallantly did 
they carry Queenstown Heights. General Brock coming up with 
a British reinforcement of six hundred men, was slain in an 
attempt to retake the post, and his men were repulsed with great 
slaughter. General Van Bensselaer, who was now at Queenstown, 
returned to the American side to carry over reinforcements, but 
the troops, who were militia, refused to cross, on the ground that 

15. To what was the whole Northwest now exposed? Who was put in com- 
mand of all the troops in that quarter ? 

16. What of Fort Dearborn ? 

17. What happened on the 1.3th of October ? Give an account of all that 
happened at Queenstown. What did Van Rensselaer do ? Who succeeded 
him ? Did he do anything ? 



188 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the government had no right to order them across the frontier. 
Meanwhile, the British general SheaiFe (shefe) came up with re- 
inforcements from Fort George, and the Americans at Queens- 
town, after a gallant but vain resistance to twice their number, 
were forced to surrender. General Van Rensselaer immediately 
resigned. He was succeeded by General Alexander Smythe, who 
was soon at the head of an army of forty -five hundred men ; but 
he accomplished nothing, and was soon removed from command. 
18. The hrilUant victories of the navy compensated for these 
disasters on land. On the 13th of August the frigate Essex, 
commanded by Captain David Porter, captured the sloop-of-war 
Alert, On the 19th of the same month the American frigate Con- 
stitution (or " Old Ironsides" as she was popularly called) captured 
the British frigate Guerriere (garre-yare). Captain Isaac Hull, 
a nephew of General Hull, was the commander of the Constitution. 
The engagement occurred on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On the 

18th of October the sloop-of-war 
Wasp, commanded by Captain 
Jones, captured the British brig 
Frolic off the coast of North 
Carolina. When the Frolic sur- 
rendered the only sailor on board 
who was unharmed was the man 
at the helm. On the 25th of 
October the frigate United States, 
commanded by Captain (after- 
wards Commodore) Decatur, 
while cruising south of the Azores 
captured the Macedonian. On 
the 29th of December the Con- 
stitution, commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, captured off 
Brazil the British fri^irate Java. 




CAPTAIN DECATUR. 



18. What compensated for these disasters? What naval victory was won 
on the 13th of August ? What on the 19th ? Who commanded the Constitu- 
tion ? Relate the combat between the Wasp and the Frolic. What naval 
victory on the 25th of October? What one on the 29th of December ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189 

19. American privateers also swarmed the seas and distressed 
the enemy's commerce, capturing about five hundred British 
merchantmen and taking three thousand prisoners. 

20. At the Presidential election held in November, 1812, Mr. 
Madison was re-elected President, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massa- 
chusetts, was elected Vice-President. The candidates of the 
party opposed to the administration were De Witt Clinton, of 
New York, for President, and Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania, 
for Vice-President, but the administration was sustained by a 
large majority. 

21. In September, Admiral Warren, of the British navy, had 
been authorized to open negotiations for a settlement of difficul- 
ties, but the terms proposed were not satisfactory and the war 
went on. 



CIIAPTEPv V. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION (Continued).— WAR WITH GREAT 
BRITAIN (Continued).— CAMPAIGN OF 1813. 

1. The mihtary operations of 1813 were mainly along the 
northern frontier of the United States. The American forces 
were divided into three armies. The Army of the IIW, under 
General Harrison, was stationed at the head of Lake Erie ; the 
Army of the Centre was under General Dearborn, on the Niagara 
frontier; the Army of the North^ at the east end of the line, was 
on the shore of Lake Champlain, and under the command of 
General Wade Hampton. 

19. What did American privateers do? 

20. What of the Presidential election of 1812 ? Who were the candidates 
of the other party ? 

21. What of peace negotiations in September? 

1. Where were the military operations of 1813 ? How were the American 
forces divided ? 



190 HISTORY OF THPJ UNITED STATES. 

2. The Armies of the Centre and the North did not accomplish 
much. On the 25th of April, General Dearborn sent seventeen 
hundred picked men under General Pike across Lake Ontario to 
attack York, now the city of Toronto. The Americans landed, 
attacked the British, carried two batteries, and pressed forward to 
enter the fort. This the enemy abandoned, applying a slow-match 
to their magazine, which blew up just as the Americans were 
entering. The eifect was terrific. Nearly three hundred of the 
Americans were killed and wounded by the explosion. General 
Pike was among the mortally wounded. 

General Dearborn also captured Fort George, at the mouth of 
the Niagara River, on the 29th of May, and on the same day the 
British under General Prevost were repulsed in an attack on 
Sackett's Harbor. 

General Wilkinson, who succeeded General Dearborn in com- 
mand of the Army of the Centre, was to act in concert with Gen- 
eral Hampton in an expedition against Montreal, but on account 
of disagreements between the two generals, nothing was accom- 
plished. 

3. The Army of the West, under General Harrison, had for 
its object the recovery of Detroit and Michigan from the Eng- 
lish. The first movement by this army began in January. Gen- 
eral Winchester, commanding the advance, defeated a force of 
the enemy at Frenchtown, on the river Eaisin, but was in turn 
attacked by a superior force of British and Indians under Colonel 
Proctor, and forced to surrender. The Indians massacred the 
greater portion of the captives. Proctor was cither unable or 
unwilling to stop the massacre. " Bemember the Biver Baisin" 
was henceforth the watchword of Harrison's army. General 
Harrison now built Fort Meigs. Here he was attacked on the 



2. Describe the battle of York. "What did General Dearborn capture ? What 
was accomplished by Generals Wilkinson and Hampton ? 

3. What was the first object of the Army of the West ? What happened at 
the river Raisin ? What at Fort Meigs ? What at Fort Stephenson ? Where 
did Proctor jro ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191 

1st of 3Iay by Proctor, but repulsed all tlie efforts of the enemy. 
During the same month Proctor attacked Fort Stephenson, at 
Sandusky, which was garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men 
under Major Croghan, a young man only twenty-one years old. 
Being repulsed, Proctor retreated to Maiden. 

4. Perry s victory on Lake Erie gave a new aspect to the cam- 
paign. During the summer a fleet of nine vessels, carrying fifty- 
four guns, was equipped and placed under Commodore Perry. 
The English had on Lake Erie a fleet of six vessels, carrying 
sixty-three guns, under Commodore Barclay. On the 10th of 
September the two squadrons encountered each other in the west- 
ern part of Lake Erie. At the end of two hours Perry's flag- 
ship, the Lawrence, became disabled, but the gallant commodore 
leaped into a boat and bore his flag to the Niagara, nearly half a 
mile away, and though he passed within pistol-shot of the enemy, 
who turned every gun upon him, he escaped uninjured. Mount- 
ing the deck of the Niagara, he broke through the enemy's line, 
firing right and left, and in fifteen minutes the victory was won. 
Perry at once wrote to General Harrison, " We have met the 
enemy, and they are ours, — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, 
and a sloop." 

5. General Harrison now embarked his troops on Perry's ves- 
sels and crossed the lake into Canada. On the 5th of October he 
encountered the enemy at the river Thames and gained a com- 
plete victory. Tecumseh, the Indian ally of the British, was 
slain. Proctor escaped. By the victories of Perry and Harrison 
Detroit and Michigan were recovered from the British, and the 
war was ended in that quarter. 

6. Meanwhile, the Creek Indians in Alabama and Georgia, 
who had been previously influenced by Tecumseh, formed a league 

4. AVhat of Perry's victory ? When was his fleet fittel out ? Describe the 
brittle of Lake Erie. What was Perry's messnge to General Harrison ? 

5. What did General Harrison now do ? Give an account of the btttle of 
the Thames. What Avere recovered? 

6. Meanwhile, what did the Creek Indians in Georgia and Alabama do ? 



192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

against the whites. On the 30th of August they surprised Fort 
Mims^ on the Chattahoochee River, and massacred nearly three 
hundred men, women, and children. The militia of Georgia 
and Tennessee were called out to oppose them, the Georgians 
under General John Floyd, and the Tennesseans under General 
Coffee. The whole force was placed under the command of Gen- 
eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. The Georgians under Floyd 
defeated the Indians at Callihee and Autossee, and burned their 
town of Aufossee. The Tennessee troops under General Coffee 
defeated the Indians again at Tallnshatchee on the 3d of Novem- 
ber. On the 8th of November, General Jackson defeated the In- 
dians at Talladega.^ and soon after gained another victory at 
Emuchfau. Jackson's crowning victory over the Creeks was 
won on the 27th of March of the next year, at Tohopelza^ or the 
" Horse-shoe Bend," on the Tallapoosa River. The Creeks ob- 
tained peace by a large cession of territory. 

7. At sea the Americans and British each gained victories 
during the year 1813. Captain Lawrence, in command pf the 
Hornet, captured the British brig Peacock on the 24th of Feb- 
ruary. On the 1st of June the same officer, in command of the 
Chesapeake, attacked the British frigate Shannon off the harbor 
of Boston. In the midst of the fight Lawrence was mortally 
wounded. The last order of the dying hero was, " Dont give np 
the ship /" and though the ship had to be surrendered, yet the 
last command of Lawrence was often afterwards the rally ing-cry 
of the American sailors. On the 14th of August the British 
brig Pelican captured the American brig Argus, which had pre- 
viously captured more than twenty of the enemy's merchant 
ships. In September the American brig Enterprise captured the 

Who were called out to oppose them ? What did the Georgians under Floyd 
do? What did the Tt^'nnessee troops under Coffee do? Give an account of 
Jackson's victories. What did the Creeks do soon after ? 

7. What of the war on the sea ? What did Captain Lawrence do on the 24th 
of February ? Describe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. 
What success had the British on the 14th of August? Relate the encounter 
between the Enterprise and the Boxer. What did Porter do the same year? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAhV. 193 

British brig Boxer on the coast of Maine. Tlie commanders of 
both vessels were killed, and were buried beside each other with 
military honors in the city of Portland. During the same year 
Commodore Porter, of the frigate Essex, captured many British 
merchantmen in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

8. During the spring and summer a British fleet under Admi- 
ral George Cockburn entered Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. 
They destroyed all merchant vessels within their reach, and 
burned the towns of Frenchtown, Georgetown, Havre de Grace, 
and Fredericktown. They also made an attack on Norfolk, but 
were repulsed with heavy loss. 



CHAPTER VI. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION (Coxcluded).— END OF THE WAR 
WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 

1. There were two important campaigns of 1814, a northern 
and southern. The northern campaign was begun by an advance 
of the Americans into Canada led by General Wilkinson, but AVil- 
kinson was defeated at La Cole Mill on the 31st of March, and 
resigned his command. General Jacob Brown, a gallant officer, 
succeeded him, and he was ably seconded by General Winfield 
Scott and General Ripley. 

2. On the 3d of July the Americans crossed the Niagara River 
and took Fort Erie. They then advanced, and at Chijjjjeiva, on 
the 5th of July, defeated the enemy under General Riall. The 
enemy retired towards Lake Ontario, where General Drummond, 
who had come with afresh forces, took command. The British 



8. What did the British fleet do during the spring and summer ? 

1. What two campaigns of 1814 ? How was the Northern campaign hegun ? 
What happened at La Cole Mill ? Who succeeded Wilkinson ? By whom was 
he ably seconded ? 

2. AV'hat happened ou July 3 ? Give an account of the battle of Chippewa. 
I 17 



194 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




now advanced to meet the Americans, who were also advancing. 
The two armies met near sunset on the 25th of July at Lundys 
Lane or Bridgewater, opposite Niagara Falls. There now oc- 
curred one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in which the 

thunder of artillery mingled with 
the roar of the mighty cataract. 
The capture of a British battery 
posted on a hill was essential to the 
success of the Americans. This 
was gallantly carried and held 
against three determined efforts to 
recapture it by Captain Miller, 
whose reply, " I'll try, sir," when 
asked if he could take it, has 
passed into a proverb. At mid- 
night the British yielded the fi^ld 
to the Americans. Grenerals Brown 
and Scott were so badly wounded that they had to be removed 
to the American side. Soon after the Americans retired to Fort 
Erie. Here they were besieged by the British, who had been 
again reinforced. On the 15th of August General Drummond 
made an assault, but was repulsed with the loss of one thousand 
men, and on the 17th of September Gleneral Brown made a sortie 
and gave the enemy so heavy a blow that they abandoned the 
siege and retreated to Chippewa. The Americans remained at 
Fort Erie two months more, and then of their own accord blew 
up the fort and abandoned Canada. 

3. At Plattshurg., on Lake Champlain, was gained the great- 
est victory won by the Americans during the year 1814. This 
was a joint land and naval action. During the summer the 
British had concentrated near the northern end of Lake Cham- 
plain a force of fourteen thousand men, under Sir George Prevost. 



UKNEUAL SCOTT. 



Battle of Lundy's Lane. Give an account of events at Fort Erie. How long 
did the Americans remain at Fort Erie ? What did they then do ? 

3. What happened at Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain ? Give an account 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 195 

Ascertaining that most of the American force had been withdrawn 
to the Niagara frontier, General Prevost marched upon Phxtts- 
burg. Here Gleneral Macomb (ma-koom), the American com- 
mander, had only two thousand efficient troops, but he was rein- 
forced by some militia from Vermont and New York, and taking 
a position on the south side of the Saranac River, he held 
the enemy in check for four days. On the 11th of Septem- 
ber, Commodore Downie, in command of the British fleet, bore 
down in order of battle to assist the British land force. Commo- 
dore McDonough, the commander of the American fleet, though 
inferior to the enemy in the number of vessels, guns, and men, 
boldly joined battle, after having first, on the deck of his vessel, 
invoked the blessing of God upon the American arms. After 
two hours of terrible fighting McDonough gained a victory as 
brilliant as that of Perry on Lake Erie the previous year. Com- 
modore Downie was killed in the fight, and his entire squadron 
surrendered. When Prevost, who had attacked the American 
works, saw the destruction of the fleet, he retreated, leaving his 
sick and wounded and large quantities of military stores. The 
loss of the enemy was about twenty-five hundred men. 

4. Along the Atlantic coast the British fleets kept up a vigor- 
ous blockade. Several towns in Maine were captured, and Stoning- 
ton, Connecticut, was bombarded. A British fleet of fifty or sixty 
vessels, under Admirals Cockburn and Cochrane, ascended the 
Chesapeake. Five thousand men, under General Ross, were 
landed, and marched upon Washington, the capital of the United 
States. General Winder, with about four thousand men, mostly 
militia, met the enemy at Bladensburg, but his force was routed. 
The President and Cabinet were obliged to flee. Ross entered 
the city on the 24th of August. After burning the Capitol and 
other public buildings the British retreated to their shipping. 

of the double battle at Plattsburg and Lake Champlain. When Prevost saw 
that the British fleet was defeated, what did he do ? 

4. What did the British fleets do along the Atlantic coast? Give an ac- 
count of the capture of Washington. 



19G 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



5. Baltimore was the next point of attack, but the British 
failed to carry the American works, and Fort McHenry repulsed 




VIEW OF BALTIMORE, 

the British fleet. General lloss was killed while advancing on 
the American intrenchments. The attempt on Baltimore was 
then abandoned. 

6. During the attack on Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key, an 
American, who had been detained on board one of the British 
ships, composed the celebrated national air, " The Star-Spangled 
Banner." 

7. The sea-fights during this year were sometimes favorable to 
the Americans and sometimes to the British. In March the 
Essex, commanded by Commodore Porter, was captured by two 
British vessels, and in April the Frolic was captured by a British 
ship. The United States vessel Peacock captured a British brig, 
and the Wasp captured another. Early the next year the Presi- 



5. What of the attack on Baltimore? Who was killed? 

6. AYhat song was composed during the attack on Fort McHenry ? 

7. What of sea-fights during the year ? What of the Essex ? The Frolic ? 
The Peacock? The Wasp ? The President ? The Constitution ? The Hornet? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 197 

dent, under Commodore Decatur, was captured by an English 
squadron. The Constitution, commanded by Commodore Stewart, 
captured two British ships, and the Hornet took a British brig. 

8. During the summer and fall of 1814 the New England 
States became very much dissatisfied with the management of 
the war. In December, 1814, a convention was held at Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, consisting of delegates from Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut. The 
real desi<>ns of the leaders of this convention have never been 

o 

clearly ascertained, but they were accused of an intention to with- 
draw their States from the Union. The grievances of which the 
New England States complained were, however, removed by the 
cessation of hostilities. 

9. As early as jMarch, 1813, the Emperor of Russia had offered 
to act as mediator between the United States and Great Britain, 
with a view to bringing about a peace between them. President 
Madison accepted his offer, but the British government declined 
it, so that nothing came of this attempt to stop the war. In 
January, 1814, England intimated her readiness to treat directly 
for peace, and the President at once appointed commissioners, 
among whom was Henry Clay, of Kentucky, often called " the 
mill-boy of the Slashes," from a district of Virginia in which he 
was born. Though peace commissioners were appointed thus 
early in 1814, the war continued during all that year. At Ghent, 
in Belgium, on the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace 
was signed. 

10. But before the news of peace reached America another 
great battle was fought. This was the battle of New Orleans. 
In September a British force had attacked the fort at the entrance 



8. What of the New England States during the summer and fall ? Tell all 
about the Hartford Convention. How were the grievances removed ? 

9. When had the Emperor of Russia offered to act as mediator ? Did anj'- 
thing come of it? What did England intimate in January, 1814? What 
did the President do ? Where and when was the treaty of peace signed ? 

10. What happened before the news reached America ? What happened at 

17* 



198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of jNIubile Bay, but met with a repulse. As they had been al- 
lowed to fit out their expedition in Pensacola, then a Spanish 
town, General Andrew Jackson, with some mounted Tennesseans, 
entered Florida, and took possession of Pensacola. From thence 
he hurried to New Orleans, which was threatened with an attack 
by the British army from the Chesapeake, which had been heavily 




BATTLE OF NKAV ORLEANS. 



reinforced from Europe. General Jackson took the most ener- 
getic measures. Though he had but six thousand men, mostly 
Tennessee and Kentucky militia, yet he did not hesitate to strike 
the enemy a sudden blow on the night of the 23d of December, 
and on the 28th repulsed a fierce attack made by a portion of the 
enemy's force. On the 8th of January the real struggle com- 
menced. Twelve thousand British veterans who had fought 
under Wellington, led by Sir Edward Packenham, moved for- 
ward, and made a desperate and gallant assault on the Americans, 
who were protected by fortifications. The assailants were re- 
pulsed, with the loss of twenty-five hundred men killed, wounded, 

Mobile Bay ? What place did Jackson seize ? How was New Orleans threat- 
ened ? What did Jackson do on the 23d of December ? What on the 28th? 
When did the f'reat battle of New Orleans occur ? Give an account of it. 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 199 

and captured, General Packenham himself being among the 
killed. The American loss was very small, being less than thirty 
in killed and wounded. 

The news of this brilliant victory electrified the country. 

11. A^ews of the treaty of peace reached America a few days 
after the battle, and though no concessions had been made by 
England on the impressment question, yet the treaty was ratified 
by the Senate on the 18th of February. The war had lasted a 
little more than two years and a half 

12. During the war with Great Britain, the Dey of Algiers 
had violated the treaty of 1795. Accordingly, after the ratifica- 
tion of the treaty with England, Commodore Decatur was sent 
against Algiers, with three frigates and seven smaller vessels. He 
captured two Algerine ships of war, and compelled the Dey of 
Algiers to make a peace highly advantageous to the United States. 
Decatur also visited Tunis and Tripoli, and compelled them to 
make reparation for allowing British vessels to capture American 
merchantmen in their harbors during the late war with Great 
Britain. 

13. On the 11th of December, 1816, Indiana, the nineteenth 



' -' li , -^^f/ 



3^-^mI M , 






SEAL OF INDIANA. 

State, was admitted into the Union. This was the second State 
formed out of the Northwest Territory. 

11. When did the news of peace reach America? How long had the war 
lasted ? 

12. As soon as peace was made with England, where was Commodore De- 
catur sent? What did he do at Algiers ? What at Tunis and Tripoli ? 

13. When was Indiana admitted? What of Indiana? 



200 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



l-t. The Bank of tlic United States was chartered by Congress 
during the same year. The charter was to continue twenty years. 

15. In the fall of 1816 another Presidential election took place. 
The candidates of the Democratic or Republican party were 
James Monroe, of Virginia, for President, and Daniel D. Tomp- 
kins, of New York, for Vice-President. The Federal party nomi- 
nated for the same offices Rufus King, of New York, and John 
Howard, of Maryland. The election resulted in an overwhelming 
Democratic triumph. 



CHAPTER VII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 

1. James Monroe, the fifth President, was inaugurated on 
the 4th of March, 1817. His inaugural address gave great satis- 
faction to all parties. For a time party lines were almost extinct, 
and there dawned upon the country a short period which has 
since been known as the " Era of good feeling." 




SKAL OF MISSISSIPPI. 



2. Mississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted into the Union 



14. When was the Bank of the United States chartered? IIow long was 
the charter to continue? 

15. What was the result of the election of 181G ? Who were the candidates 
of the Federal party ? 

1. When was Monroe inaugurated ? What of his inaugural address ? What 
of party lines? What dawned upon the country ? 

2. When was ^Iis.sissip}»i admitted? What is said of Mississippi? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 201 

on the 10th day of December, 1817. This State was formed 
out of the territory ceded to the control of the general govern- 
ment by Georgia, in 1803. Its name, derived from the great 
river, means " Father of Waters." 

3. A icar with the Seminole Indians broke out in the latter 
part of 1817. G-eneral Andrew Jackson was sent against them 
in 1818, at the head of one thousand men. As the Spanish 
authorities in Florida were suspected of giving help to the In- 
dians, Jackson invaded Florida, seized St. Marks and Pensacola, 
and sent the Spanish governor and his troops to Havana, in 
Cuba. He also seized two English traders, who had been inciting 
the Indians to hostility, and had them executed. Jackson's con- 
duct was made a subject of inquiry by both Houses of Congress, 
but, after investigation, his course was approved by large majori- 
ties in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The 
Spanish minister at Washington protested against these proceed- 
ings, but the matter was not pressed because negotiations were at 
that time pending for the cession of Florida to the United States. 




4. Illinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted into the Union 
on the 3d of December, 1818. Its name is derived from its 

3. "What war broke out in 1817 ? Who was sent against them ? Of what 
were the Spanish authorities suspected ? What places did General Jackson 
seize ? What did he do witli two English traders ? What of Jackson's eon- 
duct ? What did the Spanish minister at Washington do ? Why was not the 
matter pressed ? 

4. When was Illinois admitted? What is said of that State ? 
I* 



202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

principal river, and means " River of Men." It was the third 
State admitted from the Northwest Territory. 

5. One of the most memorable events of the j^ear 1819 is the 
passage of the first steamship across the Atlantic. This steam- 
ship, called the Savannah, though built in New York, was owned 
in Savannah, Georgia, and sailed from the last-named port in 
May, bound for Liverpool, England. The steamer made a suc- 
cessful voyage to Liverpool, and afterwards to St. Petersburg, in 
Kussia, and was everywhere an object of great curiosity. 

6. Alabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted into the 




SEAL OF ALABAMA. 



Union on the 14th of December, 1819. It was originally a part 
of Georgia. Its name, which is of Indian origin, signifies " Here 
we rest." 

7. The application of Missouri, in February, 1819, for admis- 
sion into the Union as a State brought about the agitation of the 
question whether the Federal government had any right to inter- 
fere with negro slavery in the Territories. A large number of 
the members of Congress from the non-slaveholding States op- 
posed the admission of Missouri, because the constitution of the 
proposed new State recognized property in slaves. Other States 

5. When did the first steamship cross the Atlantic ? Tell all that is said 
about it. 

6. When was Alabama admitted to the Union ? What else is said about 
that State ? 

7. What brought about the slavery agitation ? What did members from the 
non-slaveholding States do? Had other slaveholding States been admitted? 
How was the question settled ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 



203 



had been admitted whose constitutions recognized this kind of 
property, but a large party in the North were in favor of admitting 
no more such States. The whole country was agitated by the 
dispute on this question, and the friends of the Union were 
everywhere alarmed. At last the dispute was settled for a time 
by an agreement, known as the " Missouri Compromise, ^^ that 
slavery should be excluded from all the remainder of the Louisi- 
ana Territory north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes ; but 
Missouri was kept out for some time longer yet. 




SEAL OF MAINE. 



8. Meanwhile Maine, the twenty-third State, was admitted into 
the Union. This was on the 15th of March, 1820. Maine had 
been originally a part of Massachusetts. 




SEAL OF MISSOURI. 



9. Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted to the 
Union on the 10th day of August, 1821, after much violent op- 



8. When was Maine admitted ? Of what was Maine originally a part ? 

9. When was Missouri admitted? What more can you say of Missouri 



204 HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 

position. The name of tlie State is derived from its principal 
river, and means " Muddy Water." It was the second State 
formed out of the Louisiana Territory purchased from France in 
1803. 

10. Mr. Monroe was re-elected President in 1820, and Mr. 
Tompkins was also re-elected Vice-President. 

11. On the 22d of February, 1821, the President issued a 
proclamation announcing the cession to the United States by 
Spain of East and West Florida, together with all Spanish claims 
to any portion of Oregon. The United States paid for this ces- 
sion five million dollars. The Territory of Florida was organized, 
and General Andrew Jackson was appointed its first governor. 

12. The year 1824 was signalized by the visit of La Fayette 
to the United States. He travelled through all the States, and 
was everywhere received with every demonstration of esteem and 
affection. Congress, in order to express the gratitude of the 
country to La Fayette for his great services during the war for in- 
dependence, voted him two hundred thousand dollars and twenty- 
three thousand acres of land in Florida. At the time of this 
visit La Fayette was nearly seventy years old. 

13. It was during Monroe's administration that the South 
American Republics gained their independence of Spain, and 
were recognized as independent nations by the government of the 
United States. It was at this time that Mr. Monroe declared tho 
" American continents are henceforth not to be considered as sub- 
jects for future colonization by any European power." This 
declaration has since been known as the " Monroe Doctrine." 

10. What of the election of 1S20 ? 

11. What proclamation did the President issue on the 22d of February, 
1821? AVhat did the United States pay for this cession? Who was first 
governor of the Florida Territory ? 

12. How was 1824 signalized ? How Avas La Fayette received? How did 
Congress express the gratitude of the country ? How old was La Fayette at 
this time? 

13. What of the South American Reijublics ? AVhat is meant by the Mon- 
roe Doctrine ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE. 205 

14. The policy of encouraging home manufactures by a^^ro- 
tective tarijf and of carrying on internal improvements by the 
Federal government, a policy known at the time as the " Amer- 
ican System," and whose authorship is attributed to ]Mr. Clay, 
was soon the occasion of a permanent split in the Republican 
or Democratic party. 

15. During Monroe's administration the country prospered 
greatly. Manufactures, commerce, and agriculture flourished 
wonderfully. Appropriations were made by Congress for con- 
structing several military roads and especially a great national high- 
way over the Alleghanies. The individual States also engaged in 
enterprises for their own internal improvement. New York took 
the lead in works of this kind. Through the efforts of De Witt 
Clinton, for many years governor of that State, the construction 
of the great Erie Canal, which connects the Great Lakes at Buf- 
falo with the Hudson River at Albany, was undertaken by the 
State. The Erie Canal is three hundred and sixty-three miles 
in length and cost nearly eight million dollars. The passage 
of the first boat over it was hailed with great rejoicings through- 
out New York, for every one felt that it was the dawn of an 
era of great commercial prosperity for the State. This great 
work was begun and completed in the same years with Monroe's 
administration. 

16. At the end of Monroe's second term he declined a re-elec- 
tion. There were four candidates for the Presidency, William H. 
Crawford, of Georgia, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Andrew Jack- 
son, of Tennessee, and John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 
As none of the candidates received a majority of the votes cast 

14. "What occasioned a permanent split in the Republican or Democratic 
party ? 

15. What of the country during Monroe's administration ? What appro- 
priations were made by Congress ? What did indivi-dual States do ? Relate 
what is said about the Erie Canal. 

16. How many candidates for the Presidency at the election of 1824 ? Who 
were they? On whom did the election of President devolve? Whom did 
that body choose ? Who became Vice-President ? How was he elected? 

18 



206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in the electoral colleges the election of a President devolved upon 
the House of Representatives, and that body elected John Quincy 
Adams, of Massachusetts. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, 
who had received a large majority of the votes cast in the Electoral 
College, was declared Vice-President. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. He was the 
son of John Adams, the second President. 

2. Soon after Mr. Adams's accession to office a controversy 
arose between him and the State of Georgia with reference to 
certain Indian lands within the limits of that State. During the 
controversy the President threatened force. Grovernor Troup 
declared that if the Georgians could get their rights in no other 
way they would oppose force to force. The Federal government 
made no further effort to interfere with Governor Troup, and the 
lands were surveyed and occupied. 

3. The 4th of July, 1826, was memorable from the liict of its 
being the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of the United 
States, and was rendered still more memorable by the death on 
that day of two of the most illustrious among the signers of the 
declaration of independence. These were John Adams, of Mas- 
sachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 

1. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? Whose son was he? 

2. Give an account of the controver?y between the President and the State 
cf Georgia. 

3. For what was the 4th of July, 1826, memorable ? What two distin- 
guished men died on that day ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCF ADAMS. 207 

4. The protective tariff, passed by Congress in 1828, was the 
occasion of violent political disputes. This was an act laying a 
tax on foreign goods imported into the United States so that 
American manufactures might be able to compete with the manu- 
factures of Europe. The Eastern States favored this policy, but 
the Southern statesmen opposed it because they thought it uncon- 
stitutional as well as unjust and damaging to the agricultural in- 
terests of the South. 

5. Another Presidential election took place during the excite- 
ment caused by the passage of the Tariff Act. The friends of the 
administration nominated Mr. Adams for President, and Richard 
Rush for Vice President. The opponents of the administration 
supported Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, for President, and 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, for Vice-President, The 
election resulted in the triumph of the opponents of the admin- 
istration. Mr. Adams was a man of great intellect and unblem- 
ished character, but he had offended the South by flavoring a high 
tariff. He had also given some offence to the New England States 
by asserting that in 1803 and 1804 those States had favored a dis- 
solution of the Union, and that the Hartford Convention of 1814 
had entertained the same design. The New England States, how- 
ever, favored his tariff policy and gave him a warm support in the 
Presidential election. 

6. During Mr. Adams's term the growth of the country was 
rapid. It was a period of great prosperity. The first railroad in 
the United States was built in 1826, and was used in carrying 



4. What of the tariff of 1828 ? What was this? Who favored it? Who 
opposed it ? 

5. Whom did the friends of the administration nominate for President in 
1828? Whom for Vice-President? Whom did the opponents of the admin- 
istration support for the same offices? What was the result of the election ? 
What of Mr. Adams's character? How had he offended the New England 
States? How had he displeased the South ? 

6. What of the growth of the country ? When was the first railroad built? 
When was the first locomotive imported from England ? Who first made the 
locomotive a success? Where was the first American locomotive built? 



208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

granite from the quarries of Quiney, Massachusetts ; the first loco- 
motive was imported from England, in 1829. George Stephenson, 
an English engineer, was the man who first made the locomotive a 
practical success. The first successful American locomotive was 
built at Baltimore, in 1830, and was used for transporting pas- 
sengers on what is now the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 

1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1829. He was 
one of the most remarkable men of his day. He was born in 
1767, in the Waxhaw settlement, near the line that divides North 
and South Carolina. At the age of twenty-one he removed to 
Nashville, Tennessee, and soon rose to distinction. We have 
already seen what great services to his country were performed 
by him at different times. 

2. The first important measure of the new administration was 
the removal of the Indian tribes that lived east of the Mississippi 
River to a portion of country lying west of that river. This was 
done that they might no longer be a source of trouble to the 
whites, who had now occupied the greater part of the territory 
east of the Mississippi. An act carrying this policy into eiFect 
was passed at the session of Congress which commenced Decem- 
ber 7, 1829, and ended on the Slst of May, 1830. The removal 
was finally accomplished some years afterwards. 

1. What is said about Andrew Jackson ? 

2. What was the first important measure of his administration ? Why was 
this done? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 209 

3. On the 4tli of July, 1831, ex-President James Monroe died 
in the seventy-fourth year of his age, in New York, at the resi- 
dence of his daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur. 

4. In 1832 a bill was passed by Congress for the re-charter of 
the United States Bank. This the President vetoed, which made 
him unpopular with some of his former party friends. This same 
year another tariff act was passed, which increased the opposi- 
tion to the protective policy. 

5. The Black Hawk War broke out in the Northwest Territory 
in 1832. Black Hawk was chief of the Sacs and Foxes, who 
refused to leave their lands on the Mississippi, though they had 
been bought by the United States some years before. General 
Scott commanded the United States forces who were sent against 
them. The war was soon terminated by the capture of Black 
Hawk and several other chiefs of less note. In this war Abraham 
Lincoln was captain of a company of Illinois volunteers, and Jef- 
ferson Davis was a lieutenant of United States regulars. 

6. During the fall of 1832 occurred another Presidential elec- 
tion. The original Democratic or Republican party had now been 
divided into two parties, one of which was styled Democratic 
and the other National Republican. The party styled National 
Republican favored the policy of internal improvements by the 
government, the protective tariff, and the re-chartering of the 
United States Bank, all of which the Democratic party opposed. 
The candidates of the National Republicans were Henry Clay, of 
Kentucky, for President, and John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, 
for Vice-President. The candidates of the Democratic party for 

3. What distinguished man died July 4, 1831 ? Where did he die? 

4. What bill passed Congress in 1832 ? What did the President do? What 
of a tariflF? 

5. What war broke out in 1832 ? Who was Black Hawk ? Who was sent 
against them? How was the war terminated? What two men are men- 
tioned as officers in that war ? 

6. What occurred in the fall of 1832 ? How had the original Democratic 
or Republican party become divided ? Who were the candidates of the Re^ 
publicans ? Who of the Democrats ? Who were elected ? 

18^ 



210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the same offices were Andrew Jackson, for President, and Martin 
Van Buren, of New York, for Vice-President. The opposition 
to Jackson was very bitter, but he and Van Buren were elected 
by an overwhelming majority. 

7. Meanwhile, a sovereign convention of the people of South 
Carolina had assembled and adopted what was known as the Nul- 
lijication Ordinance^ the leading features of which were : 1st, a 
declaration that the tariff act of 1832 was unconstitutional, and 
therefore null and void ; 2d, a provision for testing its constitu- 
tionality before the courts of the State ; and, 3d, a declaration 
that, if the measures thus adopted were resisted by the Federal 
government, the State of South CaroUna would withdraw from 
the Union. This measure was to take effect on the 12th of Feb- 
ruary, 1833, if the protective policy should not be abandoned by 
Congress before that time. 

8. At the session of Congress in December, 1832, the President 
recommended a reduction of the tariff. A few days afterwards 
he issued a proclamation against Nullification, in which he urged 
the people of South Carolina not to persist in the enforcement of 
their ordinance, as it would bring on a conflict between the Fed- 
eral government and the people of South Carolina. Many re- 
garded this proclamation as amounting to the denial of the right 
of a State to secede from the Union for any cause whatever. The 
President afterwards maintained that an erroneous construction 
had been placed upon the proclamation, and declared his adhe- 
rence to the views of Mr. Jefferson, as set forth in the Virginia 
and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 and 1799. 

9. Soon after Jackson's proclamation against Nullification was 



7. What had the South Carolina Convention done ? "What were the lead- 
ing features of the Nullification Ordinance ? When was this measure to take 
effect ? 

8. What did the President recommend in December, 1S32? What procla- 
mation did he issue ? How did many regard this proclamation ? What did 
the President afterwards maintain? 

9. What did Mr. Verplanck, of New York, introduce ? What did the Legis- 
lature of Virginia do ? Did South Carolina consent ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 211 

issued, Mr. Verpkinck, of New York, introduced a bill for the 
further reduction of the tariff. The Legislature of Virginia sent 
Benjamin Watkins Leigh, a peace commissioner, to South Caro- 
lina, to urge the authorities of that State to suspend the execution 
of the ordinance of Nullification, at least until the -Ith of March. 
South Carolina acceded to this request. 

10. Meanwhile, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, introduced a com- 
promise into Congress, which was satisfactory to all parties. It 
passed both Houses of Congress, and received the approval of the 
President on the 2d of March, 1833. The convention of South 
Carolina then reassembled, and repealed the ordinance of Nulli- 
fication. Henry Clay's action in offering the compromise alienated 
many of the tariff men. When warned that it would cut him 
off from all chance of ever being President, his noble reply was, 
" I would rather be right than be President." 

11. In the spring of 1833, President Jackson made a tour 
through New York and the New England States, and was every- 
where received with every demonstration of esteem and honor. 

12. Soon after the President's return to Washington, he ordered 
all the public money to be removed from the banks of the United 
States and to be placed in certain State banks. William J. 
Duane, the Secretary of the Treasury, refused to obey the order 
of the President, and Roger B. Taney was appointed Secretary in 
his place. This action of the President produced great excitement 
throughout the country. It was the cause of an open war between 
the President and the Senate, in which, for the first time in their 
lives, Clay, Calhoun, and Webster were cordially united in their 
opposition to the President. In defence of the President stood 



10. What of Clay's compromise? "What of the Carolina convention ? 
When Clay was told that his action in this matter would cut him off from all 
chance of being President, what was his reply ? 

11. What happened in the spring of 1833 ? How was Jackson received ? 

12. What did the President do soon after his return to Washington ? What 
did his conduct produce ? What did it cause ? What statesmen opposed the 
President? Who stood in his defence.? WJip.t name was now assumed by 



212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, and John Forsyth, of Georgia. 
All the opponents of the President's policy now assumed the 
party name of Whig. The Senate adopted a resolution censuring 
the President and declaring his conduct unconstitutional. To 
this the President repHed by a paper, known as " The Protest," 
which was one of the ablest documents ever produced by him. 
The final result of the contest was the complete triumph of Presi- 
dent Jackson. The resolution of censure was finally expunged 
from the journal of the Senate, by its own order to have black 
lines drawn around it. 

13. A great fire in the city of New York occurred on the night 
of the 16th of December, 1835, which resulted in the destruction 
of over seventeen million dollars' worth of property. 

14. A war with the Seminole Indians of Florida broke out 
on the 28th of the same month. The cause of the war was the 
attempt by the United States government to remove these In- 
dians to the west of the Mississippi. It commenced by the mur- 
der of Honorable Wiley Thompson, United States agent to the 
tribe, and by the massacre of Major Dade and his command of 
one hundred men. On the next day an indecisive battle was fought 
between the Americans under General Clinch and the Indians 
under Osceola. The Indians then ravaged all the country south 
of St. Augustine. On the 7th of February, 1836, General Scott 
assumed the command. On the 29th of the same month, General 
Gaines, while hastening to the relief of General Clinch, who was 
besieged in Fort Drane, was attacked by the Indians, but re- 
pulsed them. The war with the Seminoles was very vexatious. 
The Indians, by lurking in the swamps and everglades, managed 
to keep up the struggle for seven years. In 1837, Osceola came 

all the opponents of the President? What did the Senate do ? How did the 
President reply? What was the final result? What became of the resolu- 
tion of censure? 

13. What occurred in New York on the night of the 16th of December? 

14. What war broke out the same month ? What was the cause of the 
Avar ? How did it commence ? AYh«t happened next day ? Give an account 



ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. 



213 



to the American camp under a flag of truce, but was seized by 
General Jessup and imprisoned in Fort Moultrie, where he died 
in 1838. In December, 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor defeated 
the Indians at Lake Okechobee, after which the savages retired 
to the swamps, and kept up an intermittent war till 1842, when 
peace was made, and the Seminoles were removed to the country 
west of the Mississippi, known as Indian Territory. 

15. The Creeks had aided the Seminoles. They had com- 
menced hostilities by terrible massacres along the Chattahoochee, 
in Georgia and Alabama. General Scott brought them to terms 
in 1836, and they also were removed to Indian Territory. 

16. The Cherokees, who lived in Upper Georgia, were also in- 
duced to go to the same Territory in 1837 by the payment of 
five million dollars, and by the firmness of General Scott, who 
was charged with their removal. 




SEAL OF ARKANSAS. 



17. Arkansas, the twenty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union 
on the 16th of June, 1836. It derived its name from a tribe of 
Indians now extinct. It was the third State formed from the 
Louisiana Territory, purchased from France in 1803. 

18. In the fall of 1836 there was another Presidential election. 



of the proj^ress of the war. What happene 1 in 18.37 ? "Where and whm did 
Osceola die ? What happened in December, 1837 ? AVhen was peace made, 
and wh;it was done with the Feminoles ? 

15. Give an account of the Creek War. 

16. How were the Cherokees induced to go to the Indian Territory ? 

17. When was Arkansas admitted? What elt-e can you say of Arkansas ? 



214 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The candidates of the Democratic party were Martin Van Buren, 
of New York, for President, and Richard M. Johnson, of Ken- 
tucky, for Vice-President. The Whig or opposition vote was 
divided between several candidates. Van Buren and Johnson 
were elected. 



J, '/./f^^^^.--.r^ 




SEAL OF MICHIGAN. 



19. Michigan, the twenty-sixth State, was admitted on the 2Gth 
of January, 1837. An act for its admission was passed when 
Arkansas was admitted, but it was kept out until a dispute be- 
tween it and Ohio about the boundary-line was settled. Michi- 
gan was one of the States carved out of the Northwest Territory. 



CHAPTER X. 



ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN. 

1. Martin Van Buren, the eighth President, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1837. 

2. Soon after the inauguration of the new President there oc- 
curred a great crash in business and money matters, caused by 

18. Who were the candidates of the Democratic party at the election of 
1836 ? Who were elected ? 

19. When was Michigan admitted? What more can you say of Michigan? 

1. When was Martin Van Buren inaugurated ? 

2. What occurred soon after his inauguration ? How did the President try 
to give relief? 



ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN. 215 

reckless speculation and the expansion of the paper currency be- 
yond all the legitimate wants of the country. The President 
tried to give relief to the merchants and bankers by suspending 
suits on bonds which had been given for the collection of duties. 

3. Soon after, all the banks in New York City suspended specie 
payments, and this was followed by a like suspension of nearly 
all the banks in the country. 

4. Mr. Van Buren called an extra session of Congress to meet 
the exigencies of the Treasury and to provide for the relief of 
the people. Congress passed an act authorizing the issue of 
Treasury notes to the amount of ten millions of dollars. The 
policy of the administration at this time adopted for the collec- 
tion and transmission of the public funds was known as the 
^^ Suh- Treasury System.'^ 

5. Clay, of Kentucky, and Webster, of Massachusetts, led the 
opposition to the financial policy of the administration. Cal- 
houn, of South Carolina, Benton, of Missouri, and Silas Wright, 
of New York, defended it. 

6. The subject of the abolition of slavery in the District of 
Columbia agitated the country at this time. Ex-President John 
Quincy Adams led the agitation of this question. On the 28th 
of December, 1837, Mr. Calhoun introduced a series of resolu- 
tions to the effect that the Federal government was created by 
the States with a view to their increased security against all dan- 
gers, domestic as well as foreign ; that the citizens of one State 
had no right to interfere with the domestic institutions of another 
State ; and that the Federal government had no right to interfere 
with slavery either in the States or Territories of the Union. 
These resolutions were adopted by the Senate by a large majority. 



3. What did the banks in New York City do soon after ? 

4. For what purpose did Mr. Van Buren call Congress together ? What act 
did Congress pass ? What was the Sub-Treasury System ? 

5. Who led the opposition ? Who defended the administration ? 

6. What agitated the country at this time ? Who led this agitation ? What 
were Mr. Calhoun's resolutions ? AVere they ailopteJ ? 



21 G HISTORY OF THE V NIT ED STATES. 

7. In September, 1838, James Sraithson, an Englishman, made 
a donation to the United States amounting to nearly six hundred 
thousand dollars for the purpose of endowing the institute in 
Washington called the Smithsonian Institute. 

8. In December, 1838, the slavery agitation was renewed in 
the House of Hepresentatives, but was quieted for the time by a 
series of resolutions introduced by Mr. Atherton, of New Hamp- 
shire, and adopted by an overwhelming majority of the House of 
Representatives. The purport of these resolutions was, that 
under the Constitution of the United States Congress had no 
authority to interfere with slavery in the several States of the 
confederacy ; that Congress had no right to do indirectly what it 
could not do directly, and therefore should not interfere with 
slavery either in the District of Columbia or in the Territories. 

9. Henry Clay, who had given these resolutions a warm sup- 
port, and most of the other prominent public men of the country, 
thought that this exciting agitation would now be abandoned. 
But the Abolition party cared nothing for constitutional restraints. 
The chief of their leaders proclaimed the Constitution to be " a 
covenant with death and an agreement with hell." Neither of 
the great parties of the country at this time was connected with 
the anti-slavery agitators. In f\ict, the mass of the American 
people at this time regarded the Abolitionists as men disloyal to 
the Constitution and as the foes of the Federal Union. 

10. In the Presidential election of 1840 the principal issues 
were the Sub-Treasury System, extravagant appropriations, and 
all the leading measures of the administration. Martin Van 
Buren was renominated by the Democrats for the Presidency, 
but they did not agree upon a candidate for Vice-President. The 

7. What did James Smithson do in 1838 ? 

8. When was the slavery agitation renewed in the House ? How was it 
quieted for the time? What was the purport of Mr. Atherton's resolutions? 

9. Who gave these resolutions a warm support ? What of the Abolition 
party and its leaders? 

10. What were the principal issues of the election of 1840 ? Who was nom- 
inated for President bv the Democrats? Why did they not nominate a Vice- 



ADMINISTRATION OF WM. HENRY HARRISON. 217 

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, for Presi- 
dent, and John Tyler, of Virginia, for Vice-President. The elec- 
tion was an exciting one, and resulted in the complete triumph 
of the Whi"; candidates. 



CHAPTER XL 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 




ITBLIC IMPROVKMKNTS. 



1. William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the 
United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1841. The 
new President, on the 17th of March, called an extra session of 
Congress, to meet on the last day of May, but he did not live 



President ? Whom did the Whigs nominate for President and Vice-President ? 
What of the election ? 

1. When was Harrison inaugunitod ? What did the new President do? 
When did he die ? 

K 19 



218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



until the assembling of Congress. He was seized with a violent 
attack of pneumonia on the 2Tth of March, and died on the 4th 
of April, just one month from the day of his inauguration. 

2. John Tyler, the Vice-President, now became the tenth 
President of the United States. Mr. Tyler retained the Cabinet 
that had been appointed by Mr. Harrison. 

3. Soon after his accession the Whig Congress passed a bill 
establishing the Fiscal Bank of the United States. This Presi- 
dent Tyler vetoed. Soon after, Congress passed another bill of 
like character, under the title of the " Fiscal Corporation of the 
United States." The President vetoed this bill also. This action 
of the President, refusing to carry out the policy of the majority 
of the party which elected him, resulted in the division of the 
Whig party, and all the members of the Cabinet resigned except 
Daniel Webster, who was Secretary of State. The Cabinet ap- 
pointed in place of those who had resigned were Whigs of the 
strict-construction school, who sided with the President. 

4. The President also differed with his party on the Tariff 
question. He vetoed two tariff bills, but approved a third, which 
was more in accordance with his own views. 

5. An important treaty with Great Britain, which settled def- 
initely the Northeastern boundary between the United States and 
the neighboring British possessions, was made in 1842. The ne- 
gotiation was conducted by Daniel Webster, the Secretary of 
State, on the part of the United States, and Lord Ashburton on 
the part of Great Britain. 

6. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred during the 

2. Who now became President? What did he do in regard to his Cabinet? 

.3. What happened soon after his accession? AVhat did Mr. Tyler do? 
What did Congress then do ? What did the President do with this bill ? What 
did the President's conduct bring about ? What did tlie members of the Cab- 
inet do ? Who were appointed in their place ? 

4. On what else did the President differ from his party ? 

5. What important treaty was made witli Great Britain in 1842 ? By whom 
were the negotiations conducted ? 

6. What caused the Dorr Rebellion in Pthode Island? IIow was it sub- 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN TYLER. 219 

same year. It was caused by the dissatisfaction of some of the 
people, who wished to change the constitution of Rhode Ishuid 
(which was the old charter granted by Charles II.). This insur- 
rection was subdued with the loss of but one man. Dorr was 
tried for treason, convicted, and sentenced to imprisonment for 
life, but was pardoned in less than a year. The dissatisfaction of 
the people was appeased by the adoption of a new State consti- 
tution in 1843. 

7. The annexation of Texas was a question which greatly agi- 
tated the country towards the close of Mr. Tyler's term of office. 
Texas had been claimed in 1818 by the United States as a part 
of Louisiana, but the government of the United States renounced 
its claim at the time of the cession of Florida by Spain. In 1820, 
_3Ioses Ausfin, a native of Connecticut, obtained permission of 
Spain to establish a colony of emigrants from the United States 
in the limits of what is now known tis the State of Texas. At 
his death his son Stephen Austin succeeded to his rights under 
this grant. This son was the founder of the city of Austin. 
Soon after this Stephen Austin returned to the United States for 
more emigrants. While he was absent Mexico and other Spanish 
2)rovinces became independent of Spain, and Austin was obliged 
to visit the city of Mexico and obtain a confirmation of the grant 
made to his flither. In this he succeeded, and the Mexican Con- 
gress in 1824 declared that Texas should, when it had a sufficient 
population, become a State of the Mexican Repuhlic. Emigrants 
from the United States and from other countries now went to 
Texas in large numbers. In 1832, soon after the accession of 
Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico, the people of Texas 

dued ? What became of Dorr ? How was the dissatisfaction of the people 
appeased ? 

7. AVhatof the annexation of Texas ? What can you say about claims to 
Texas? What did Moses Austin do in 1820 ? Who founded the city of Aus- 
tin ? What happened during Austin's absence? What was he obliged to do? 
Did he succeed ? What did the Mexican Congress do? What happened in 
18.32? When Santa Anna became President of the Mexican Republic, what 
did the Texans do? When the people of Texas resisted the usurpations of 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

demanded admission into the Mexican Union as a separate State, 
and sent Austin as their agent to the jMexiean Congress. Mean- 
while, Santa Anna had overthrown the Mexican Constitution and 
made himself dictator. The people of Texas insisted upon their 
rights under the Mexican Constitution, and raised forces to resist 
the usurpations of Santa Anna. The Mexican general Cos marched 
against the Texans ; but was defeated by them at Gonzales, and 
shortly after at Goliad^ in the month of October, 1835. Austin 
at this time commanded the Texas forces, but in the latter part 
of the year he resigned his position, and General Sam Houston 
was made commander of the Texan forces. In December, 1835, 
the Texans captured General Cos6 and his army, numbering over 
one thousand men, in the town of Bexar, after a six days' siege. 
Santa Anna then marched against the Texans at the head of more 
than seven thousand men, and captured Fort Alamo, defended 
by one hundred and forty Texans, after a bombardment which 
lasted eleven days, but with a Mexican loss of sixteen hundred 
men. After the surrender the garrison was put to the sword. 
Towards the last of March, 1836, a battle was fought at Goliad, 
where Colonel Fannin, a Georgian, finding himself about to be 
overpowered, determined to surrender, if he could obtain honor- 
able terms. Santa Anna made an agreement with him that, if he 
and his men would give up their arms, they should be permitted 
to return to the United States. As soon as the surrender was 
complete Santa Anna treacherously caused the whole force of 
more than three hundred men to be put to the sword. At San 
Jacinto, on the 21st of April, 1836, Santa Anna's army was at- 
tacked by a far inferior Texas force under General Houston, and 
totally defeated, with a loss of more than half their men in killed, 
wounded, and captured. Santa Anna himself was taken prisoner. 

Santa Anna, who marched against them ? Where was General Cos defeated ? 
Who was made commander of the Texas forces ? What great victory did the 
Texans gain in 1835? What did Santa Anna then do? What did Santa 
Anna capture? How did he treat the garrison ? What treachery was Santa 
Anna guilty of in Mai'ch, 1836 ? Give an account of the battle of San Jacinto. 



ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN TFLER. 221 

A treaty was now entered into between Santa Anna and General 
Houston, under the terms of which the Mexican forces w^ere 
withdrawn from the soil of Texas. The mdependence of Texas 
was now acknowledged by France, Great Britain, and the United 
States. 

8. The people of Texas, in 1837, sought to be admitted into 
the American Union as a State. But their application was not 
granted at this time. 

9. A treaty for the annexation of Texas was negotiated by Mr. 
Tyler on the 12th of April, 18J:4, but it was rejected by the 
Senate. 

10. In the Presidential election which occurred in the fall of 
1844, the prominent feature of the contest was the annexation 
of Texas, which the Democrats favored and the Whigs opposed. 
Henry Clay, of Kentucky, was the candidate of the Whigs for 
President, and Theodore Frelinghuysen, formerly of New Jersey, 
but then of New York, was their candidate for Vice-President. 
The Democratic party nominated for President, James K. Polk, 
of Tennessee, and for Vice-President, George INI. Dallas, of Penn- 
sylvania. The election resulted in the triumph of I*olk and Dal- 
las, the Democratic candidates. This was an endorsement of the 
policy of annexation. 

11. A joint resolution providing for the annexation of Texas, 
which had been adopted by both Houses of Congress, was approved 
by President Tyler on the 1st of March, 1845, a few days before 
the expiration of his term of office. 

What treaty was now entered into ? By what countries was the independence 
of Texas acknowledged ? 

8. What did the people of Texas do in 1S37 ? 

9. When was a treaty for the annexation of Texas negotiated ? What be- 
came of it ? 

10. What was the prominent feature of the Presidential election of 1844? 
Who were the candidates of the Whigs ? Who of the Democrats ? How did 
the election result ? 

11. When was a joint resolution for the annexation of Texas, which had 
been adopted by both Houses of Congress, approved by the President ? 

19- 



222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

12. Florida, the twenty-seventh State, was admitted to the 
Union on the 3d of March, 1845, and at the same time an act 




fMw^^^^m^sM 



SEAL OF FLORIDA. 

was passed providing for the admission of Iowa, though the hitter 
State was not reguhirly admitted until later. 

13. One of the most important events of Mr. Tyler's adminis- 
tration was the invention of the electric telegraph by Professor 
Samuel Morse, a native of Massachusetts. Congress gave him 
thirty thousand dollars to try if his invention would work. It 
was a complete success. The first telegraph line was stretched 
from Washington to Baltimore. The Jirst message ever sent over 
the wires was by Miss Ellsworth, the daughter of the Commissioner 
of Patents, who had been Morse's most steadfest friend while in 
AVashington. The words of the message were, " AVhat hath God 
wrought !" The Jirst news ever sent over the wires was the nomi- 
nation of Mr. Polk to the Presidency. 

12. When was Florida admitted to the Union ? An act was passed for the 
admission of what State ? 

13. What was one of the most important events of Tyler's administration ? 
Who was the inventor ? How did Congress help him ? Between what places 
was the first telegraph line? By whom was the first message sent over the 
wires ? What were the words of the message ? What was the first news ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK. 



223 



CHAPTER XIL 

ADMINISTRATrON OF JAMES K. POLK.— WAR WITH MEXICO. 




STOUMING OK MONTKUKY. 

1. James K. Polk, the eleventh President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. In liis in- 
augural he expressed his approval of the action of Congress on 
the Texas question. In regard to the Northwest boundary of the 
United States, about which there had arisen a dispute with Great 
Britain, he asserted that the title of the United States to the 
whole of Oregon as far north as 5-1° 40' was clear and indisputa- 
ble, and expressed a determination to maintain such title by force 
if necessary. 

2. The Oregon question was settled in 1846 by a treaty, and 

1. When was James K. Polk inaugurated ? What did he say about the 
Texas question ? What about the Northwest boundary ? 

2. When and bow was the Oregon question settled ? 



224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the boundary wils fixed id 49° instead of 54° 40', as claimed by 
the United States. 

3. Soon after Mr. Polk's accession to office G-eneral Almonte, 
the Mexican minister at Washington, demanded his passports and 
left the country. He did this because Mexico had never recog- 
nized the independence of Texas. All friendly intercourse now 
ceased between the United States and Mexico. The majority of 
the people of the United States considered that Mexico had no 
just claim to Texas, because, ever since the battle of San Jacinto, 
which was fought in April, 1836, no Mexican army had been in 
Texas, and the Texans had for nearly nine years maintained an 
independent government, free from interference on the part of 
Mexico. 

4. On the 4th of July, 1845, Texas agreed to the terms of 
annexation, and on the 27th of December of the same year, Con- 







SEAL OF TEXAS, 



gress passed an act recognizing Texas as a State of the Federal 
Union. During her career as an independent republic Texas had 
four Presidents, viz, : David G, Burnett, General Sam Houston, 
General Mirabeau B, Lamar, and Anson Jones, At the time of 

3. Soon after Mr. Polk's accession, what did the Mexican minister do ? 
Why did he do this ? AVhat did the majority of the people of the United 
States think ? Why did they think so ? 

4. When did Texas agree to the terms of annexation ? When did Congress 
recognize her as a State ? How many Presidents had Texas during her 
career as an independent State ? Who were they ? How many inhabitants 
had it at this time ? What else can you say of Texas ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK. 225 

its admission Texas had a population of about two hundred thou- 
sand inhabitants. It is tlie largest State in the Union, and em- 
braces two hundred and thirty-seven thousand square miles. 

5. In the summer of 1845 the President sent General Zachary 
Taylor, with an army of about five thousand men, to defend the 
frontiers of Texas. This general took post in August at Corpus 
Christi, near the mouth of the Nueces River. 

6. On the 8th of June, 1845, the country was called to mourn 
the death of ex-President Andrew Jackson. 

7. Among the leading measures of Congress which met in 
December of this year were the repeal of the Whig tariff of 
1842, and the enactment of another based upon the principles of 
free trade, the re-enactment of the Sub-Treasury System, the estab- 
lishment of the Smithsonian Institute out of the funds bequeathed 
for that purpose in 1837, and a resolution for terminating the 
joint occupation of Oregon under the treaty at that time existing 
with Great Britain. 

8. Internal improvement bills and a bill to pay United States 
citizens for French depredations on their commerce committed 
many years previously were vetoed by the President. 

9. While Congress was in session military events of great im- 
portance were occurring on the frontiers of Texas. The country 
lying between the Nueces and the Rio Grande was disputed terri- 
tory, being claimed by both Texas and Mexico. On the 13th of 
January, 184G, General Taylor was ordered to advance into the 
disputed territory. He did so, and on the 28th of March reached 
the east bank of the Rio Grande. On the bank of the river op- 
posite the Mexican city of Matamoras he erected a fortress called 
Fort Brown. 

5. What did the President do in the summer of 1845? Where did Taylor 
take post ? 

6. What great man died on the 8th of June, 1845 ? 

7. What were among the leading measures of Congress which met in De- 
cember of this year ? 

8. AVhat bills were vetoed by the President? 

9. Meanwhile, what of affairs in Texas ? 



226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10. On the 26tli of April, Gleneral Ampudia, the Mexican 
commander at Matanioras, gave notice to General Taylor that he 
considered hostilities commenced. On the same day Captain 
TJiornton, who had been sent up the river to reconnoitre two days 
before with sixty-three dragoons, fell into a Mexican ambuscade, 
and, after losing sixteen of his men, was compelled to surrender. 

11. General Taylor having ascertained that the Mexicans had 
crossed the Kio Grande and were moving against Point Isabel 
for the purpose of cutting him oif from supplies, left a small gar- 
rison at Fort Brown and marched with his main army to the re- 
lief of the threatened post. As soon as Taylor left Fort Broion 
the Mexicans assailed it, but the fort was bravely defended, and 
the assailants could make no headway, though the American 
commander. Major Brown, was killed. 

12. Taylor having garrisoned Point Isabel, hastened, with about 
twenty-three hundred men, to the relief of Fort Brown. On 
the 8th of May, about noon, he encountered the Mexican army, 
numbering six thousand men, under General Arista, at a place called 
Palo Alto, and after a spirited action, in which the gallant Major 
Ringgold lost his life, Taylor forced the Mexicans to give way. 
On the next day Taylor again encountered the Mexican army 
heavily reinforced, and now numbering nearly eight thousand 
men, at Resaca de la Palma. The Americans immediately at- 
tacked and soon had the enemy in complete rout. It was in this 
battle that Captain May and his dragoons made their celebrated 
charge, capturing the Mexican artillery and General La Vega. 
In these two battles of the 8th and 9th of May the loss of the 
Mexicans was more than twelve hundred men, and that of the 



10. What did General Ampudia do on the 26th of April ? What can you 
say of Captain Thornton and his party? 

11. Give an account of Taylor's movements. What was the result of the 
Mexican assault on Fort Brown ? 

12. What did Taylor do after garrisoning Point Isabel ? Give an account 
of the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Paluia. What did Taylor do on 
the 18th of May ? 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 227 

Americans not more than two hundred killed and wounded. On 
the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took pos- 
session of Matamoras. 

13. The news of these victories produced great excitement and 
enthusiasm throughout the United States. On the 11th of May 
the President sent in a message to Congress declaring that Mexico 
" had invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow- 
citizens on our own soil." Congress then declared that war ex- 
isted ^' by the act of Mexico^'' and authorized the President to 
accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers. More than three 
hundred thousand men responded to this call, and soon General 
Taylor's force was greatly increased by large numbers of volun- 
teers. 

1-1. In the latter part of August, General Taylor began his 
march into the interior, and on the 19th of September, with 
about six thousand five hundred men, he appeared before Mon- 
terey^ the capital of New Leon, which was garrisoned by ten 
thousand Mexicans, commanded by General Ampudia. On the 
21st of September the attack began, and on the 2-tth the city 
surrendered. A truce was then agreed upon between the two 
generals, but, on the loth of October, Taylor was ordered by 
President Polk to resume hostilities. 

15. Meanwhile, General Kearney., with another American force, 
conquered the whole of New Mexico. On the 25th of Novem- 
ber he set out for California with four hundred dragoons, but 
learning on the way that California had already been taken pos- 
session of by the United States forces, he sent back three hun- 
dred of his men and proceeded on his way with only one hundred. 

13. What did the news of these victories produce ? What did the Pres- 
ident do on the 11th of May ? How many volunteers were called for ? How 
many responded ? 

U. What did General Taylor do in the latter part of August? With how 
many men did he approach Monterey ? By how many men was Monterey 
garrisoned ? How did the attack result ? What was then agreed upon ? 
When was Taylor ordered to resume hostilities ? 

15. Tell about General Kearney's movements. 



228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

16. The conquest of California had been eifected during the 
preceding summer by a land force commanded by Colonel Fremont^ 
assisted by a naval fc^rce under the command of Commodore Sloat 
and Commodore Stockton. 

17. Early in December, Colonel Doniphan., with nine hundred 
men, set out from Santa Fe to the southward, expecting to join 
General Wool, who had already moved forward to the conquest 
of the northern portions of Mexico. Doniphan's force marched 
a thousand miles through the enemy's country, gaining on the 
way two victories over superior forces, and finally entered Chi- 
huahua (che-wah-wah), a city of forty thousand inhabitants. 
Here he expected to find General Wool, but Wool had joined 
General Worth, who was stationed at Saltillo (sahl-teel-yo) with 
the greater part of Taylor's army. Worth had occupied this 
place about the middle of November. In December, General 
Patterson had taken possession of Victoria. The port of Tam- 
pico had been seized by Commodore Perry. 

18. Soon after Taylor had occupied Saltillo and Victoria he 
received orders to send the greater part of his army to General 
Scott, who was preparing for a campaign against the city of Mex- 
ico. Taylor was also ordered to foil back towards Monterey and 
only hold the ground already obtained. It was of course morti- 
fying to General Taylor to be thus stopped in his career of victory, 
but like a good soldier he obeyed. 

19. General Santa Anna, who had now been made President 
of Mexico, advanced with twenty thousand men against Taylor's 
diminished army. Taylor, with barely five thousand men, took 
up a strong position at the narrow mountain-pass of Angostura, 
or Buena Vista (bwa-nah vees-tah). The battle commenced on 



16. By whom had the conquest of California been efFected ? 

17. Give an account of Doniphan's luovements. Of General Wool's move- 
ments. Of Worth's. Of Patterson's. What had Perry geized ? 

18. Where was Taylor ordered to send the greater part of his army ? What 
else was he ordered to do ? Did he obey ? 

19. What did General Santa Anna now do? How many men had Taylor ? 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 229 

the evening of the 22d of February, 1847, but night soon put 
an end to the conflict. The next morning the attack was renewed 
by the Mexicans with great spirit, and several times during the 
day the battle was almost lost to the Americans. But with de- 
termined obstinacy the little army held its ground, and when 
night came the Mexicans were repulsed at all points. In this 
battle Colonel Jefferson Davis, of the Mississippi Volunteers, and 
Captains Bragg and Sherman, of the regular artillery, especially 
distinguished themselves. The repulse at Bucna Vista so dis- 
heartened the Mexicans that they made no further attempts to 
molest General Taylor, and they were forced to abandon the 
northern provinces of Mexico to the Americans, 

20. General Scott, to whom the conquest of the city of Mexico 
had been intrusted, landed, on the 9th of March, 1847, his army, 
twelve thousand strong, a short distance south of Vera Cruz. 
The landing was effected without opposition. Vera Cruz was 
guarded on the water side by the strong castle San Juan de Ulloa 
(sahn hwan day oo-lo-ah). On the 27th of March, after a furious 
bombardment, the city and castle surrendered, and on the 29th 
they were occupied by the Americans. 

21. General Scott now began the advance upon the city of 
Mexico. At the mountain-pass of Cerro Gordo he found the 
Mexican army, fifteen thousand strong, led by Santa Anna, 
strongly posted. On the 18th of April the Americans stormed 
the heights and, after a desperate battle, drove the Mexicans 
from the field, capturing three thousand prisoners, forty-three 
cannon, and five thousand stand of arms. On the 15th of May 
the American advance, under General Worth, occupied the city 
of Puebla. 



Where did Taylor place his army ? Describe the battle of Buena Vista. Who 
specially distinguished themselves ? What effect had this repulse on the 
Mexicans ? 

20. Give an account of the capture of Vera Cruz. 

21. AVhat did Scott now begin ? Give an account of the battle of Cerro 
Gordo. AVhat city did the Americans occupy on the 15th of May? 

20 



230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

22. On the 7th of August, Grencral Scott, with eleven thou- 
sand men, set out for the city of Mexico. This city was defended 
by thirty thousand Mexicans, led by Santa Anna, and posted be- 
hind intrenchments which they considered impregnable. On the 
20th of August the Americans stormed and carried the strong 
positions of Coiitreraa and Churubusco (con-tra-rahs and choo- 
roo-boos-ko). The New York and South Carolina regiments 
entered the works at Churubusco side by side, and vied with each 
other in planting the stars and stripes over the conquered Mexican 
fortifications. 

23. Negotiations for peace followed these battles, but they came 
to nothing, and hostilities were resumed. 

24. On the 8th of September, General Worth, with four thou- 
sand Americans, captured, after a desperate battle, a large stone 
building, called MoUno del Reij (mo-le-no del-ray), though de- 
fended by an army of fourteen thousand Mexicans. 

25. On the 13th of September the castle of Chapultepec 
(cha-pool-ta-pek) was carried by storm. On the 14th, General 
Scott, surrounded by a brilliant staff of gallant officers, at the head 
of the victorious army, made a triumphal entry into the city of 
Mexico, and the American flag floated proudly over the palace of 
the Montezumas. In the campaign of the Valley of Mexico the 
young officers Lee, Beauregard, and McClellan especially distin- 
guished themselves. 

26. The war was now practically ended. Santa Anna made 
an attempt to capture the American garrison at Puebla, but was 
met by General Lane, and defeated at Huamantla (wha-mant-la) 
on the 9th of October. 

22. AVhat was the size of the respective armies around the city of Mexico? 
Describe the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, 

23. What of peace negotiations ? 

24. Tell what is said of the battle of Molino del Rey. 

25. When was the castle of Chapultepec stormed ? What did Scott do on the 
14th of September ? Who especially distinguished themselves in this cam- 
paign ? 

26. What of Santa Anna's attempt on the garrison at Puebla? 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 231 

27. A treaty of 'peace was concluded at Guadaloupe Hidalgo 
(giiad-a-loop-ay he-dahl-gu), February 2, 1848. This treaty was 
ratified by the United States Senate on the 10th of March, and 
by the Mexican Congress on the 30th of May. Peace was pro- 
claimed by President Polk on the 4th of July, 1848. 

28. By this treaty the United States acquired all the vast 
territory now comprised in New Mexico, Utah, and California, 
and Mexico abandoned also all claim to any part of Texas. 
Mexico received a compensation of fifteen million dollars, besides 
the cancelling of certain claims of American citizens, which 
amounted to three million more dollars. The cost of the war to 
the United States was twenty thousand lives and two hundred 
million dollars in money. 

29. Soon after the treaty of peace was made it was discovered 
that California had the richest gold mines in the world. People 
from every nation now flocked to California in great numbers, 
and the population within four years reached nearly two hundred 
thousand. 

30. Angry disputes about the territory acquired from Mexico 
began to agitate the Union even before the treaty was negotiated. 
The occasion of these disputes was that some of the Northern 
members of Congress desired to exclude slavery from this terri- 
tory, while the Southern members claimed that this was a ques- 
tion over which Congress had no control. 

31. In the midst of these exciting debates ex-President John 



27. Where and when was a treaty of peace concluded? When was it rati- 
fied by the United States Senate ? When by the Mexican Congress ? When 
was peace proclnirned ? 

28. What did the United States acquire by the treaty ? What did Mexico 
receive as a compensation ? What did the war cost the United States? 

29. What was discovered soon after the treaty of peace ? What was the 
consequence ? 

30. What began to agitate the Union ? AVhat was the occasion of these 
disputes ? 

31. What distinguished man died in the midst of these debates ? How old 
was he ? 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Quincy Adams was stricken with paralysis at liis seat in the 
House of Representatives, on the 21st of February, 1848. He 
was borne to the Speaker's room, where he died two days after, 
on the 23d of February, in the eighty-first year of his age. 

32. Another Presidential election occurred in the fall of 1848. 
The candidates of the Democratic party were General Lewis Cass, 
of Michigan, for President, and General William 0. Butler, of 
Kentucky, for Vice-President. The nominees of the Whig party 
were General Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, for President, and 
Millard Fillmore, of New York, for Vice-President. All those 
opposed to the extension of slavery now formed a new party, 
called Free- So Hers, and nominated IMartin Van Buren, of New 
York, for President, and Charles Francis Adams, of jMassachu- 
setts, for Vice-President. The election resulted in the choice of 
Taylor and Fillmore, the candidates of the W^hig party. 

33. Two new States were admitted during Mr. Polk's adminis- 
tration, Iowa and Wisconsin. Provision had been made fur the 




SEAL OF IOWA. 

admission of Iowa at the same time that Florida was admitted, 
but the admission did not actually take place until the 28th of 
December, 1846. Iowa was the fourth State formed from the 
original Louisiana Territory. Its name is of Indian origin, and 

32. Who were the Democratic candidates in the election of 1848 ? Who 
the Whig ? What new party was now formed ? Who were the nominees of 
this party ? How did the election result ? 

33. What two new States were admitted during Polk's administration ? 
When had provision been made for the admission of Iowa? When did the 



ADMINISTRATION OF ZACHARY TAYLOR. 233 

means " Drowsy Ones." Wisconsin, the thirtieth State, was ad- 
mitted into the Union on the 29th of May, 1848. Its name, 




SEAL OF WISCONSIN. 



derived from its principal river, signifies " the gathering of the 
waters." Wisconsin was originally a part of the " Northwest 
Territory." 



CHAPTER XIII. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD 
FILLMORE. 

1. General Zachary Taylor, the twelfth President of the 
United States, was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1849, be- 
cause the 4th came on Sunday. His inaugural address was con- 
ciliatory, and gave satisfaction to the true friends of the Union 
and the Constitution. General Taylor was a citizen of Louisiana, 
though he was born in Virginia and reared in Kentucky. 

2. The Congress which assembled on the 5th day of December, 
1849, remained in session longer than any previous Congress. 
This session lasted from the 5th of December, 1849, to the 30th 

admission actually take place ? What more can you say of Iowa ? When 
was Wisconsin admitted ? What else can you say of it ? 

1. What is said of General Taylor? 

2. What of the Congress which met on the 5th of December, 1849 ? How 
was the session characterized ? 

20* 



234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of December, 1850, and was characterized by many angry discus- 
sions, which greatly ahirmed the friends of the Union. 

8. The subjects of public excitement were the admission of 
California as a State, the formation of Territorial governments for 
Utah and New Mexico, the settlement of the boundary between 
New Mexico and Texas, slavery in the District of Columbia, and 
the non-rendition of fugitives from service. 

4. The slavery question was brought into special prominence 
in the debates on the admission of California as a State and the 
formation of Territorial governments for Utah and New Mexico. 
All of the Southern members of Congress were willing to settle 
the dispute about slavery on the principle of a division of the 
public domain between the North and the South, but the delega- 
tions from the Northern States would not agree to this settlement 
of the slavery question. The Southern members then insisted 
upon the establishment of the principle of non-interference by 
Congress with slavery either in the Territories or on the admis- 
sion of new States into the Union. The Southern members also 
desired the passage of a law providing some efficient mode for 
the reclamation and rendition of fugitive slaves from one State to 
another, but this was bitterly opposed by many Northern members. 

5. While these exciting debates were at their height, John C. 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, died. This was on the 31st of 
March, 1850. Calhoun was born in South Carolina in 1782. 
He was a man of powerful intellect and great influence, especially 
in the South. For forty years he was in public life. He was an 
able advocate of the right of a State to secede from the Union, 
and for this reason has been much disliked by a great many 
people at the North. But Mr. Calhoun was not the first who 

3. What were the subjects of public excitement? 

4. IIow was the slavery question brought into special prominence? What 
was the position of the two parties on this question ? 

5. What great statesman died on the 31st of March, 1850 ? What can you 
say of him ? Why was he disliked at the North ? Who had proclaimed ultra 
State rights doctrines before him ? What did Webster say of Calhoun ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF MILLARD FILLMORE. 235 

proclaimed the doctrine of ultra State riglits. The same doctrine 
was proclaimed many years before by Roger Sherman, of Con- 
necticut, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
and had many advocates in every section of the Union. Daniel 
Webster said of Calhoun, " He had unspotted integrity and honor 
unimpeached ; nothing grovelling, low, or meanly selfish came 
near his head or heart." He was sixty-eight years old at the 
time of his death. 

6. On the 9th of July, 1850, the whole country was filled with 
sorrow by the death of President Taylor after a few days of ill- 
ness. For a second time in our country's history a President had 
died in office. 

7. Millard Fillmore, the Vice-President, now succeeded to the 
high office left vacant by the death of General Taylor, and be- 
came the thirteenth President. He gave his cordial sympathy 
to the eff"orts of Clay and Webster to bring about a satisfactory 
settlement of the questions in dispute between the North and the 
South. 

8. These exciting questions were settled in September, 1850, 
by the " Omnibus Bill,'^ which had been introduced in the early 
part of the summer by Mr. Clay, of Kentucky. It provided that 
California should be admitted as a free State, that the Territories 
of Utah and New Mexico should be established without any 
slavery restriction, that the slave-trade in the District of Colum- 
bia should be abolished, that a law should be passed for the ar- 
rest and return of fugitive slaves, and that ten million dollars 
should be paid to Texas in consideration of her giving up all 
claim to New Mexico. Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, gave 
to Mr. Clay his cordial support in bringing about this setttlement, 
frequently called the " Compromise of 1850." 



6. Who died on the 9th of July, 1850 ? 

7. Who now became President ? To what did he give his cordial support ? 

8. How were the exciting questions settled? What did the "Omnibus Bill" 
provide ? Who assisted Mr. Clay in bringing about these measures ? What 
is this settlement frequently called ? 



236 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



9. California, the thirty-first State, was admitted into the 
Union under this adjustment on the 9th of September, 1850. 




SEAL OF CALIFOUNIA. 

10. The peaceful settlement of all the exciting questions which 
had disturbed the country gave great satisfaction to a large ma- 
jority of the people of the United States. Mr. Clay, as the 
originator of the " Compromise Measures," had now the confi- 
dence and love of men of all parties. He never again took an 
active part in public affairs, but from this time gradually failed 
in health. He continued, however, to hold his seat until the 
29th of June, 1852, when he died, after having passed his sev- 
enty-fifth birthday. Henry Clay was born in Virginia, but in 
early life removed to Kentucky, and was the great orator of the 
West. Alexander H. Stephens says of him, " The mid-day of 
the life of few public men was ever more stormy than his had 
been, while that of none ever closed with a more tranquil and 
glorious sunset." 

11. Later in the year the country was again thrown into mourn- 
ing by the death of Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, which oc- 
curred on the 23d of October, 1852. He was born in New 
Hampshire in 1782, but, when a young man, removed to Massa- 



9. When was California admitted into the Union ? 

10. What can you say of the peaceful settlement of all the questions that 
had disturbed the country ? What of Mr. Clay? When did Mr. Clay die? 
What does Mr. Stephens say of his life? 

11. What other great man died on the 23d of October, 1852 ? What can 
you say of Mr. Webster ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF MILLARD FILLMORE. 287 

chusetts. He was one of the grandest orators that ever lived. 
He was strongly opposed to the extreme States' rights doctrines, 
but was always ready to advocate any measure of conciliation, and 
had a heart which embraced in its love every section of the Union, 
Many people were disappointed because he had not been nomi- 
nated for President by the Whig convention, which met in June, 
1852, and at the polls many thousands voted a ticket headed by 
his name, even after he was dead. 

12. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster were considered the greatest 
statesmen of their day. Although they often differed widely in 
their views of public policy, they were all true patriots, and thor- 
oughly devoted to the Union under the Constitution. They are 
frequently spoken of as " The Immortal Trio." 

13. At the Presidential election of this year the Democratic 
party nominated General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, for 
President, and William R. King, of Alabama, for Vice-President. 
The Whigs put in nomination General Winfield Scott, of Virginia, 
for President, and William A. Graham, of North Carolina, for 
Vice-President. Both these parties pledged themselves to stand 
by the " Compromise Measures of 1850." The Free-Soil party 
also nominated candidates. These were John P. Hale, of New 
Hampshire, for President, and George W. Julian, of Indiana, for 
Vice-President. 

14. The election resulted in the overwhelming triumph of the 
Democratic candidates. The Free-Soil ticket received no elec- 
toral vote, and polled of individual votes only a little more than 
half of what it had polled in 1848. 

12. What more is said of Clay, Calhoun, and AVebstcr ? 

13. Who were the nominees of the Democratic party at the election of 
1852 ? Who of the Whig party ? To what did both parties pledge them- 
selves ? Whom did the Free-Soil party nominate? 

14. How did the election result ? What of the Free-Soil ticket ? 



238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

1. Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1853. 

2. During Pierce's administration several important questions 
arose with foreign powers. The first of these was a dispute with 
Mexico about the boundary-line, but this was settled by negotia- 
tion. The United States purchased from Mexico about thirty 
thousand square miles of territory lying south of the river Gila 
(he-lah). This is embraced in the limits of the present Territory 
of Arizona. This acquisition of territory, known as the Gadsden 
Purchase, cost the United States ten million dollars. 

3. A sharp dispute with Austria as to whether that country 
had the right to seize in a neutral port one of her citizens who 
had been engaged in the Hungarian Revolution, but had subse- 
quently expressed his intention to become an American citizen, 
was amicably settled in favor of the United States. 

4. Japan, which had previously kept its ports closed to all 
foreign nations, was induced to make a commercial treaty with 
the United States in 1854. The Japanese expedition which 
brought about this treaty was commanded by Commodore Perry, 
a brother of the hero of Lake Erie. 

5. The slavery agitation was renewed in Congress on the 4th 
of January, 1854, when the Kansas and Nebraska Bill was in- 

1. When was Pierce inaugurated? 

2. What dispute arose with Mexico ? How was it settled ? 

3. How was a dispute with Austria settled ? 

4. What was Japan induced to do ? By whom was the Japanese expedition 
commanded ? 

6. When was the slavery agitation renewed in Congress ? What did this 



ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE. 230 

troduced by Mr. Douglas, of Illinois. This bill provided that the 
people of those Territories were to decide for themselves at the time 
of their admission whether they would have slaves or not. A 
great many people in the North opposed this measure, claiming 
that it would be a repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 182U, 
according to which there was to be no slavery north of 36° 30'. 
On the other hand, the Democratic party claimed that the Mis- 
souri Compromise had long been ignored by their opponents, and 
that the act of 1850, providing for the territorial government of 
Utah, which was itself north of 36° 30', had established the 
principle of non-interference of Congress with slavery in the Ter- 
ritories or in the States. They claimed that the Kansas and 
Nebraska bill merely sought to carry out the policy established 
by the " Compromise of 1850." The strict-construction Whigs 
agreed with the Democrats in this view. 

6. After a protracted and bitter debate the Kansas and Ne- 
braska bill passed the Senate by a majority of nearly two to one, 
and the House of Representatives by a majority of thirteen, after 
which it received the sanction of the President. 

7. A struggle for Kansas now began. Settlers from the South 
and the North began to pour in in large numbers. Emigrant 
aid societies were formed in the North, and the emigrants sent 
out by them were supplied with arms. On the other hand, large 
numbers of armed Southerners, mostly IVIissourians, flocked into 
Kansas, and before long there arose difficulties between the set- 
tlers from the North and those from the South, and a state of 
anarchy known as the " Kansas War' continued for several 
years. During Pierce's administration the government generally 
managed to keep the peace by a faithful maintenance of the laws. 



bill provide? Why did a great many people in the North oppose this meas- 
ure ? What did the Democratic party claim ? Who agreed with the Dem- 
ocrats ? 

6. How did the Kansas and Nebraska bill pass the Senate? How the 
House ? 

7. Give an account of the Kansas troubles. 



240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. About this time there arose a new party, whose distinctive 
features were opposition to " alien suffrage" and to the election to 
office of Roman Catholics and men of foreign birth. The name 
assumed by them was the " American party," but it was generally 
styled the Know-Nothing party. 

9. On the 17th of June all the elements of the anti-slavery 
party met in convention at Philadelphia, and organized under the 
popular name of Repuhlicans. They held it to be the duty of 
Congress to prohibit in the Territories what they considered as 
" the twin relics of barbarism, — polygamy and slavery." They 
put forward as candidates John C. Fremont, of California, for 
President, and William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice- 
President. 

10. The American party also held its convention at Philadel- 
phia. They proclaimed opposition to alien suffrage, or, in other 
words, they favored a much longer residence of foreigners in the 
United States before they should be admitted to the rights of cit- 
izenship than the naturalization laws require. They abandoned 
their opposition to Roman Catholics. In regard to the slavery 
question they pledged themselves to stand by the Compromise 
measures of 1850, and nominated Millard Fillmore, of New 
York, for President, and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee, for 
Vice-President. 

11. The Democratic party met at Cincinnati and nominated 
for the Presidency James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, and for 
the Vice-Presidency John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. The 

8. What new party arose at this time? What did they call themselves? 
What were they generally called ? 

9. What happened at Philadelphia on the 17th of June? What did the 
Republican party hold to be the duty of Congress ? Whom did they put for- 
ward as candidates ? 

10. Where did the American party hold its convention ? What did they 
proclaim ? In regard to the slavery question, to what did they pledge them- 
selves ? Whom did they nominate? 

11. Where did the Democratic party meet ? Who were their candidates? 
To what did they pledge themselves? 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART THIRD. 241 

party pledged themselves to stand by the Compromise measures 
of 1850. 

12. The result of the election was a complete triumph of the 
Democratic party. The vote by States stood nineteen for the 
Democratic ticket, eleven for the Republican, and one for the 
American candidates. 



Topical Review of Part Third. 

1. Administration of Wasliington. — George Washington, of 
Virginia, the first President of the United States, was inaugu- 
rated on the 30th of April, 1789, and served eight years. His 
election was unanimous. John Adams, of Massachusetts, was 
Vice-President during his administration. The leading events 
of Washington's administration were trouhlcs with the CreeJx's, 
which were settled by treaty ; the defeat of the tribes of Indians 
inhabiting the Northwest Territory, which was accomplished after 
several reverses ; the Whishey Insurrection in Pennsylvania, 
which was subdued without bloodshed ; also, the tronhles with 
France, caused by the conduct of Genet and Adet, ministers 
from the French Republic to the United States ; and the 'negotia- 
tion of imjjortant treaties with England, Spain, and Algiers. By 
the treaty with Spain the United States secured for a period of 
ten years the free navigation of the Mississippi, which at that 
time belonged to Spain. 

2. Administration of John Adams. — John Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, the second President, was inaugurated on the 4th of 
March, 1797, and was in office four years. He was elected by 
the Federalists. Thomas Jeiferson was at the same time elected 
Vice-President, though not by the Federalists, for, as the Consti- 
tution stood at that time, the one who received the next highest 



12. What was the result of the election ? What was the vote by States ? 
L 21 



242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

number of votes became Vice-President, and Jefferson was the 
second in the contest, and therefore the next highest office was 
conferred on him. The chief events of Mr. Adams's adminis- 
tration were the troubles with France and the Alien and Sedition 
Acts. Though war was never declared between the United States 
and France, yet several engagements did occur between their ships 
of war, which were to the advantage of the Americans. These 
troubles were settled by a treaty made in 1801 with Napoleon 
Bonaparte. The Alien and Sedition Acts made Mr. Adams very 
unpopular, and he was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in 1800. 

3. Administration of Thomas Jefferson.^ — Thomas Jefferson, 
of Virginia, the third President of the United States, was inau- 
gurated on the 4th of March, 1801. He served two terms, or 
eight years. Aaron Burr, of New York, was Vice-President 
during his first term, and George Clinton, also of New York, 
was Vice-President during his second term. Jefferson's election 
was a triumph of the Democrats, or Republicans, as they were 
then called. The leading event of Jefferson's administration was 
the cession of Louisiana, consummated by a treaty made with 
Napoleon Bonaparte on the 30th of April, 1803. Louisiana at 
that time embraced all the vast territory lying between the Mis- 
sissippi Biver and the Bocky Mountains, the northern portion 
extending to the Pacific Ocean. 

A war with the Tripolitans was brought to a successful issue. 
Injuries to American commerce, growing out of British " Orders 
in Council" and the " French Decrees," demanded the attention 
of Mr. Jefferson. The hostility to England was greatly increased 
by an unprovoked attack made by the British ship-of-war Leopard 
on the American frigate Chesapeake. An Embargo Act was 
passed by Congress, but was repealed on account of its unpopu- 
larity in the New England States. 

4. Administration of James Madison. — James Madison, of 
Virginia, the fourth President of the United States, was inaugu- 
rated on the 4th of March, 1809. He also was elected by the 
Democrats, or Republicans, and continued in office eight years. 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART THIRD. 243 

George Clinton, of New York, was Vice-President during Madi- 
son's first term, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, during his 
second term. The leading event of Madison's administration was 
the second war with England^ commonly called the War q/*1812. 
This war was caused by the overbearing conduct of England 
toward the United States in claiming and enforcing the right to 
search American ships on the high seas. Indian depredations 
in the Northwest, which were attributed to the instigation of 
British agents, were punished by the defeat of the savages at 
Tippecanoe by General William Henry Harrison. The British 
government continuing its insolent course, war was declared by 
Congress on the 18th of June, 1812. 

Events of 1812. — The chief events of this year were the sur- 
render of Detroit to the British by General Hull and the defeat 
and surrender of another small American army. These reverses 
were scarcely offset by some insignificant American victories at 
other points. On the ocean the Americans gained brilliant tri- 
umphs. Their vessels captured the British war vessels Guerriere, 
Alert, Frolic, Macedonian, and Java, while their privateers in- 
flicted great damage upon British commerce and captured three 
thousand prisoners. 

Events of 1813. — ^he Americans were defeated at the river 
Raisin, but were victorious at York, in Upper Canada, at Fort 
Meigs, and at Fort Stephenson, near Sandusky. Other impor- 
tant successes of the Americans were the repulse of the British 
at Sackett's Harbor, Perry's grand naval victory on Lake Erie, 
and Harrison's great triumph over the British and Indians at the 
river Thames, in Canada. The Creek Indians who took up arms 
in Georgia and Alabama were defeated in a series of battles 
fought by the Georgians and Tennesseeans under Generals Floyd, 
Cofiee, and Andrew Jackson, the last named being the commander 
in that quarter. During this year the Americans and British 
both gained victories on the ocean. The Americans lost the 
Chesapeake and Argus, but captured the Peacock and the Boxer. 
The American frigate Essex inflicted -considerable damage on 



244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

British commerce, but British fleets in the Delaware and Chesa- 
peake destroyed niuiiy American mercliant vessels, and burned 
Georgetown, Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, and Fredericktown, 
but were repulsed at Norfolk. 

Events of 1814. — The Americans were defeated at La Cole 
Mill, in Canada, but were successful at Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, 
and Fort Erie. The most brilliant victory gained by the Ameri- 
cans during this year was the battle at Plattsburg, on Lake Cham- 
plain, in which General Macomb defeated the British army, while 
Commodore McDonough defeated and captured the British fleet. 
A British army under General Ross captured Washington City 
and burned the government buildings, but the enemy were de- 
feated in an attack upon Baltimore, General Boss being among 
the killed. In the summer and fall of this year assembled the 
Hartford Convention, the leaders of which have been accused 
of an intention to bring about a withdrawal of the New England 
States from the Union. Their grievances were removed by the 
cessation of hostilities. Peace was signed at Ghent, in Belgium, 
on the 24th of December. Before the news of peace reached 
America, General Jackson had gained at New Orleans the most 
brilliant victory of the war on the 8th of January, 1815. 

Soon after the peace an expedition, under Commodore Decatur, 
chastised the Barbary Powers on the northern coast of Africa. 

5. Administration of James Monroe. — James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia, the fifth President of the United States, was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1817. Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, 
was elected Vice-President. This was another triumph of the 
Democratic or Republican party. Monroe continued in office 
eight years. During his first term Florida was ceded by Spain 
to the United States, together with all Spanish claims to any 
portion of Oregon. 

In 1820 the Union began for the first time to be agitated by the 
question as to whether the Federal government had any right to 
interfere with slavery in the Territories. The question was settled 
for the time by the Missouri Compromise. 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART THIRD. 245 

In 1824, La Fayette visited the United States, and was every- 
where greeted with enthusiastic demonstrations of love and 
esteem. 

6. Administration of John Quincy Adams. — John Quincy 
Adams, of Massachusetts, the sixth President, was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1825. He was chosen by the House of 
Representatives, since there was no election by the people. John 
C Calhoun, of South Carolina, was elected Vice-President in the 
usual way. The chief events of Mr. Adams's administration 
were the controversy of the government ivith the State of Georgia 
{in ichich the Georgians finally carried their point) and the Tariff 
Act of 1828, which was violently opposed in the South. Mr. 
Adams was in office four years. 

7. Administration of Andrew Jackson. — Andrew Jackson, of 
Tennessee, the seventh President, was inaugurated on the 4th of 
March, 1829, and served eight years. John C. Calhoun was 
Vice-President during his first term, and Martin Van Buren, of 
New York, during his second term. Jackson was elected by the 
Democrats. 

The leading events of Jackson's administration were the inau- 
guration of the policy of removing the Indian tribes that lived 
east of the Mississippi to a portion of the country lying west of 
that river, the President's war on the United States Bank, the 
successful war with the Northwest Indians, the controversy with 
the South Carolina authorities about the tariff and nullification, 
which was settled by a compromise, and the war with the Semi- 
nole Indians. 

8. Administration of Martin Van Buren. — Martin Van Buren, 
of New York, the eighth President of the United States, was 
inaugurated March 4, 1837, and served four years. His election 
was a triumph of the Democratic party. Richard M. Johnson, 
of Kentucky, was at the same time elected Vice-President. Soon 
after the inauguration of Mr. Van Buren there occurred a great 
commercial crisis, which occasioned great distress throughout the 
country. During this term the country was also agitated by the 

21^ 



246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

question of the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, 
but the agitation was for the time quieted. 

9. Adininistration of William Henry Harrison. — William 
Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the ninth President, was inaugurated 
on the 4th of March, 1841. His election was a triumph of the 
Whig party. He died the next month after his inauguration, 
and was succeeded by John Tyler, the Vice-President. 

10. Administration of John Tyler. — John Tyler, the tenth 
President, was inaugurated on the 6th of April, 1841, and con- 
tinued in office three years and eleven months. During his term 
the following important events occurred : 1st, the quarrel of the 
President with the party which had elected him on the Bank and 
Tariff questions ; 2d, the treaty viith. Great Britain, which settled 
definitely the Northeastern boundary between the United States 
and the neighboring British possessions ; 3d, the Dorr Rebellion ; 
and, 4th, the annexation of Texas. 

11. Administration of James K. Polk. — James K. Polk, of 
Tennessee, the eleventh President, was inaugurated on the 4th of 
March, 1845. George M. Dallas, of Tennessee, was at the same 
time elected Vice-President. This election was a triumph of the 
Democratic party. Polk continued in office four years. The 
chief event of Polk's administration was the Mexican War. This 
grew out of the annexation of Texas. The Americans, under 
General Taylor, won the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey, and Buena Vista. New Mexico was conquered by 
General Kearney, and California by a land force under Colonel 
Fremont, assisted by a naval force under Commodores Sloat and 
Stockton. Colonel Doniphan, another American officer, captured 
Chihuahua, a wealthy city of forty thousand inhabitants. Gen^ 
eral Scott, with an army of twelve thousand Americans, captured 
the city of Vera Cruz, won the victory of Cerro Gordo, and en- 
tered the city of Puebla. On being reinforced, he marched 
against the city of Mexico, gained the important victories of 
Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec, and on 
the 14th of September, 1847, entered the city of Mexico in tri- 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART THIRD. 247 

umph. By the treaty of peace the United States acquired undis- 
puted claim to the State of Texas, besides the extensive terri- 
tories of New Mexico and Upper California. Another important 
measure of Polk's administration was the settling of the boundary 
between Oregon (which at that time embraced Washington Terri- 
tory also) and the neighboring British possessions. 

Immediately after the Mexican War the Union was agitated by 
angry disputes over the territory lately acquired. The slavery 
question was the cause of the disputes. 

12. Administration of General Zacliary Taylor. — Zachary 
Taylor, of Louisiana, the twelfth President of the United States, 
was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1845. His election was a 
triumph of the Whig party. Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
was elected Vice-President. The disputes on the slavery ques- 
tion still agitated Congress and the country. President Taylor 
died on the 9th of July, 1850, and was succeeded by Mr. Fill- 
more, the Vice-President. 

13. Administration of Millard Fillmore. — Millard Fillmore, 
of New York, the thirteenth President, was inaugurated on the 
10th of July, 1850. He gave a cordial support to the " Com- 
promise Measures of 1850," which for a while quieted the dis- 
pute on the slavery question. 

14. Administration of Franklin Pierce. — Franklin Pierce, of 
New Hampshire, the fourteenth President, was inaugurated on 
the 4th of March, 1853. He was elected by the Democrats. 
William R. King, of Alabama, was elected Vice-President. 
Pierce served four years. Some of the leading events of his ad- 
ministration were, 1st, the purchase from Mexico of a large tract 
of territory within the present limits of Arizona ; 2d, the renewal 
of the slavery agitation on the passage of the Kansas and Ne- 
braska bill, and the troubles which followed in Kansas ; and, 3d, 
the formation of all the elements of the anti-slavery party into 
one organization styled the Republican party. 

15. In the fill of 1856, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, the 
candidate of the Democratic party, was elected President to suc' 



248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ceed Mr. Pierce, and Julin C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, was at 
the same time elected Vice-President. 

States Admitted. 

During Washington's administration there were admitted Ver- 
mont, on the *4th of March, 1791, Kentucky, on the 2d of June, 
1792, and Tennessee, on the 1st of June, 179G. 

During Jefferson's administration, Ohio, on the 29th of No- 
vember, 1802. 

During Madison's administration, Louisiana, on the 8th of 
April, 1812, and Indiana, on the 11th of December, 1816. 

During Monroe's administration, Mississippi, on the 10th day 
of December, 1817, Illinois, on the 3d of December, 1818, Ala- 
bama, on the 14th of December, 1819, Maine, on the 15th of 
March, 1820, and Missouri, on the 10th day of August, 1821. 

During Jackson's administration, Arkansas, on the 15th of 
June, 1836, and Michigan, on the 26th of January, 1837. 

During Tyler's administration, Florida, on the 3d of March, 
1845, at which time provision was made for the future admission 
of Iowa. 

During Polk's administration, Texas, on the 27th of December, 
1845, Iowa, on the 28th of December, 1846, and Wisconsin, on 
the 29th of May, 1848. 

During Fillmore's administration, California, on the 9tli of Sep- 
tember, 1850. 

Other Important Events. 

The first successful application of steam to the propulsion of 
vessels by Robert Fulton, of New York, in 1807, during Jeffer- 
son's administration. 

The great Erie Canal was constructed during Monroe's admin- 
istration. 

The first railroad was built in the United States in 1826, 
during the administration of John Quincy Adams. 

The first telegraph line was stretched from Washington to 
Baltimore in 1 844, during Tyler's administration. 



FROM THE BEGINNING OP BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 



CHAPTER I. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 

1. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, the fifteenth Presi- 
dent of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1857. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, was at the same 
time inaugurated Vice-President. 

2. The state of aifairs in Utah and Kansas first engaged the 
attention of the new administration. 

3. The trouble in Utah arose from the Mormons, a sect of re- 
ligionists who tolerated a plurality of wives. They had been 
driven from Illinois, and had settled in the valley of the Great 
Salt Lake some years before the acquisition of Utah by the 
United States. On the organization of a government for the 
Territory of Utah, Mr, Fillmore had appointed as governor Brig- 
ham Young, the Mormon leader. About the time of the acces- 
sion of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency, intelligence was received 
at Washington that serious difiiculties had arisen between the 
governor, Brigham Young, and certain subordinate officers of the 

1. When was James Buchanan inaugurated? Who was at the same time 
inaugurated as Vice-President? 

2. What first attracted the attention of the administration? 

3. Give an account of the troubles in Utah. 

L* 249 



250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Federal government. The Mormons were supposed to be pre- 
paring to resist the execution of the laws of the United States in 
the Territory. Early in the summer of 1857, Colonel Albert 
Sydney Johnston was sent into Utah at the head of a sufficient 
force to execute the laws. When Young heard of the approach 
of the United States forces he called out the forces of Utah and 
prepared to resist. But the difficulty was settled peaceably, and 
Alexander Gumming was installed as governor. His administra- 
tiQn of affiiirs not only maintained the dignity of the United 
States, but also gave satisfiiction to the people of the Territory. 

4. The Kansas trouble was not so easily settled. Affiiirs in 
that Territory grew worse continually, and there was a state of 
actual war between the rival settlers from the North and South. 
The administration seemed powerless to prevent this state of af- 
fairs. Mr. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, was sent to Kansas 
for tiie purpose of bringing about a better understanding between 
the settlers, but to no purpose. The Free-Soil party refused to 
take part in the formation of a constitution under the act of Con- 
gress, and would not vote on its ratification when it w^^is sub- 
mitted to all the legal voters of the Territory for their adoption 
or rejection, the result of which was the formation and ratifica- 
tion of a constitution tolerating slavery. When Kansas applied 
for admission into the Union under the Lecompton Constitution 
(as it was called) there ensued a bitter and exciting debate in 
Congress. The bill for admission passed the Senate, but failed 
in the House. A committee of conference was finally raised, 
which reported a new bill for the admission of Kansas under 
conditional terms as to boundary and public domain first to be 
approved by them. This bill was agreed to, and the Kansas 
controversy was ended. No serious difficulty arose in the Terri- 
tory afterwards. 



4. What of the Kansas trouble? When Kansas applied for admission 
under the Lecompton Constitution, what ensued ? What of the bill for ad- 
mission ? What did a committee of conference do ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 251 

5. During the debates on the admission of Kansas there oc- 
curred a serious split in the Democratic party, which was destined 
to give the victory in the next election to the opponents of con- 
servatism. 

6. Soon after Buchanan's inauguration a decision was rendered 
by the Supreme Court of the United States to the effect that 
Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in any of the Territo- 
ries of the Union. This decision was rendered in the celebrated 
" Dred Scott" case. Instead of quieting the slavery agitation it 
only aroused the opponents of slavery still more. By their influ- 
ence the Legislatures of several Northern States passed laws which 
practically nullified the laws of Congress as to the return of fugi- 
tive slaves to their owners. 




SEAL OF MINNESOTA. 



7. Minnesota, the thirty-second State, was admitted to the Union 
on the 11th of May, 1858. A large part of this State was em- 
braced in the Louisiana purchase of 1803. St. Paul was settled 
in 1846 by emigrants from the Eastern States. The Territory 
was organized in 18-19. There was no contest over the admis- 
sion of Minnesota. The name Minnesota signifies " Cloudy 
Water." 

8. The 16th day of August, 1858, is notable for the comple- 



5. What occurred during the debates on the admission of Kansas? 

6. What of the Dred Scott decision ? Did this quiet the agitation ? What 
did the Legislatures of several Northern States do ? 

7. When was Minnesota admitted ? Tell what is said about Minnesota. 

8. For what is the IGth day of August, 1858, notable? 



252 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tion of tlie Ocean Telegraph between Great Britain and the 
United States. 

9. The same month is notable for the appearance of a large 
and magnificent comet. 




SEAL OP OREGON. 

10. Oregon, the thirtj-third State, was admitted into the Union 
on the l-ith of February, 1859. It is said to have derived its 
name from the Spanish orc(/ano, or wild marjoram, which is 
abundant on its coast. It constituted a part of the Louisiana 
purchase. 

11. On the 17th of October, 1859, occurred the celebrated John 
Brovin raid. This Brown had distinguished himself in the 
" Kansas War," where murderous atrocities of all kinds had been 
committed by both parties. He was known as " Ossawattomie 
Brown," from the scene of one of his exploits. Urged on by 
some abolition society, and furnished by them with money and 
arms, he, with twenty-one followers, seized the United States 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia. He hoped to be able to 
stir up from this point a general insurrection of the slaves in Vir- 
ginia and throughout the whole South. But his mad scheme 
totally failed. He met with no encouragement from the negroes, 
his forces were scattered by the United States marines, led by 
Colonel Robert E. Lee, and he himself was captured with six of 



9. For what else is the same month remarkable? 

10. When was Oregon admitted ? Tell all that is said here about Oregon. 

11. Give an account of the John Brown raid. What became of Brown and 
his associates ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN 253 

his associates. Brown and these associates were tried under the 
hiws of Virginia and paid upon the gallows the penalty of their 
crime. 

12. The effect of this rai'cZ was to inflame the people of the 
South, for although the great majority of the Northern people 
condemned the conduct of Brown, yet the official authorities in 
some of the States that were under the control of the Free-Soil (or, 
as they styled themselves, Bepublican) party publicly applauded 
that conduct. 

13. When the Presidential election of 1860 took place the 
conservative elements of the country were hopelessly divided 
among themselves, while the Republicans, embracing in their 
ranks not only Free-Soilers, but also the most fanatical abolition- 
ists, were united and enthusiastic. 

1-1. The candidates of the Republican party were Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois, for President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of 
Maine, for Vice-President. Their platform of principles was, 
that Congress was bound to prohibit slavery in every Federal 
Territory. 

15. One wing of the Democracy nominated for the Presidency 
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and for Vice-President, Herschel 
V. Johnson, of Georgia. Their platform was, that Congress had 
no right to interfere with the subject of slavery in any Territory, 
but that the settlement of that question rested entirely with the 
white inhabitants of the Territory. 

16. The other wing of the Democratic party nominated John 
C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, and Joseph Lane, 

12. What was the efiFect of this raid? 

13. What was the state of affairs when the Presidential election of 1860 
took place ? 

14. Who were the candid.itcs of the Republican party? What was their 
platform ? 

15. AVho were the nominees of one wing of the Democratic party ? What 
was their platform of principles ? 

16. Whom did the other wing of the Democratic party nominate? What 
was their platform ? 

22 



254 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of Oregon, for Vice-President. Their platform was, that Con- 
gress was bound to protect the rights of slaveholders in all the 
Territories. 

17. The American or, as they styled themselves, the Union 
Constitutional party nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, for 
President, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-Pres- 
ident. Their platform was, the " Constitution of the Country, the 
Union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws." As all 
the others made the same profession and this platform did not 
touch the question at issue, the influence of the American party 
was small. 

18. The election took place on the 6th of November, 1860, 
and resulted in the triumph of the Republicans. 

19. Had all the conservative elements of the country been 

united, the defeat of the Republi- 
cans would have been as complete 
as it was in 1856. This is evident 
from the popular vote. This was : 
for Lincoln, 1,857,610; for Breck- 
inridge, 847,953 ; for Douglas, 
1,365,976; for Bell, 590,631. 
The total conservative vote was 
2,804,560, which if united on one 
candidate would have secured his 
election. Mr. Lincoln was elected 
without having received a majority 
of the popular vote of the States or 
of the people. 

20. As soon as the result of the election became known South 
Carolina called a convention of the people, which passed an ordi- 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



17. Whom did the American partj' nominate? What was their platform? 
What of this platform ? 

18. When did the election take place? How did it result? 

19. What would have been the result if the conservative elements of the 
country had been united ? How did the popular vote stand ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 255 

nance of secession on the 20th of December, 1860. One of the 
reasons assigned fur this action of the State was, that most of 
the Northern States had failed to fulfil their constitutional obli- 
gations in the rendition of fugitive slaves. Another reason, and 
one that had great influence with the Southern people, was, that 
Iowa and Ohio had refused to surrender fugitives from justice 
charged with murder, and with attempting to incite servile insur- 
rection at the time of the John Brown raid. But the chief reason 
was the danger to the rights of the States that the Southern peo- 
ple thought was to be dreaded from the avowed principles of the 
Republican party. 

21. The example of South Carolina was followed by six South- 
ern States : by Mississippi on the 9th of January, 1861 ; by Flor- 
ida on the 10th; by Alabama on the 11th; by Georgia on the 
19th ; by Louisiana on the 26tli ; and by Texas on the 1st of 
FebiTiary. 

22. Delegates from the seven seceding States met at Montgom- 
ery, in Alabama, on the 4th of February, 1861, and organized a 
new Union and formed a new Constitution, under the name of 
" The Confederate States of America." The new Constitution 
was modelled after that of the United States. A provisional gov- 
ernment was instituted for one year, with Jefierson Davis, of Mis- 
sissippi, for President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, 
Vice-President. The Constitution for the permanent government 
was to take effect on the 22d of February, 1862. 

23. The policy of secession was strongly opposed by many in 
the South, and none had been more earnestly opposed to it than 



20. What did South Carolina do when the result of the election became 
known ? What did the convention do ? What were the reasons assigned ? 

21. By whom was the example of South Carolina followed ? Mention the 
six States and the dates of their secession. 

22. Where did delegates from the seven seceding States meet? When? 
What did they do ? What was established ? Who were made President and 
Vice-President? When was the permanent government to take effect ? 

23. By whom was the policy of secession opposed ? What of Mr. Stephens ? 



256 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, the Vice-President of the Confederate 
States. The love of the Union was very strong in the hearts of 
a large majority of the Southern people, and thousands who voted 
for secession did so because they felt that in no other way could 





JEFFEUSON DAVIS. 



ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. 



the rights of the States be secured against the centralizing ten- 
dencies of the Republican party. Others who believed just as 
strongly in the right of a State to withdraw from the Union were 
in favor of trying every other means before resorting to such ex- 
treme measures. 

24. Virginia made special efforts to bring about a reconciliation 
between the Northern and Southern States. At her suggestion 
an informal Peace Congress of all the States was called to meet 
in Washington. Twenty States responded to this call, thirteen 
Northern and seven Southern. Ex-President John Tyler, of Vir- 
ginia, presided over the Peace Congress. Nothing was accom- 
plished by this effort at pacification. 



"What about the love of the Union ? Why did thousands vote for secession ? 
What were others in favor of? 

24. What State made special eflForts to bring about a reconciliation ? What 
was done at her suggestion? How many States responded to the call ? Who 
pi'esided over the Peace Congress ? What was accomplished ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. 257 

25. The Confederate government at Montgomery sent com- 
missioners to Washington to treat with the Federal authorities for 
a peaceful adjustment of all matters pertaining to the common 
property and the public debt. President Buchanan received them 
as private gentlemen, but refused to receive them in their official 
capacity. 

26. The seceded States had already taken possession of all the 
Federal forts and arsenals within their limits, except Fort Sumter 
in Charleston harbor, Fort Pickens at Pensacola, and the forts 
near Key West, Florida. President Buchanan made no attempt 
to retake these forts. He held that a State could not rightfully 
secede, but he also believed that Congress had no power under the 
Constitution to resort to coercive measures against the regularly 
constituted authorities of a State. 

Such was the state of affairs when Mr. Buchanan's term of 
office expired. 




27. One more important event of Buchanan's administration was 
the admission of Kansas into the Union as the thirty-fourth State, 
which occurred on the 29th of January, 1861. Kansas was also 
a part of the Louisiana purchase. Its name signifies " Smoky 
Water." 



25. What did the Confederate government at Montgomery do ? How did 
President Buchanan receive them ? 

26. What had the seceded States already done ? Did President Buchanan 
attempt to retake the forts ? What view did he hold ? 

27. What other important event occurred January 29, 1861 ? What more 
can you say of Kansas? 

22* 



258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER 11. 

INAUGURATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.— BEGINNING OF THE 
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

1. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861. In his inau- 
gural he declared that it was his purpose to collect the public rev- 
enues at the ports of the seceded States, and also to recover all 
the forts, arsenals, and other public property before held by the 
Federal authorities. 

2. On the 12th of March, John Forsyth, of Alabama, Mar- 
tin J. Crawford, of Georgia, and Andrew B. Roman, of Louisiana, 
the Confederate commissioners, addressed a note to Mr. Seward, 
the Secretary of State, declaring that the people of the Confed- 
erate States earnestly desired a peaceable solution of all questions 
at issue between them and the government of the United States. 
They also declared that it was neither the interest nor the wish of 
the people whom they represented to make any demand not founded 
in strictest justice, or to do any act that would injure their late 
confederates. Mr. Seward replied to the commissioners verbally 
and informally through Justice John A. Campbell, of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, who was a citizen of Alabama, and 
was on terms of personal friendship with the commissioners, and 
was exceedingly desirous of effecting a reconciliation. Mr. Sew- 
ard's reply, made through Justice Campbell, was that he was in 
favor of peace, and that Fort Sumter would be evacuated in less 
than ten days, even before a letter could go from Washington to 

1. When was Abraham Lincoln inaugurated? What did he declare? 

2. What did the Confederate commissioners do on the 12th of March? 
What did they declare? What else did they declare ? How did Mr. Seward 
reply ? What did he say ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 259 

Montgomery. He assured them that notice would be given of 
any design to alter the status at Fort Pickens, in Florida. 

3. Meanwhile, great activity prevailed in the navy-yard at New 
York. Early in April a squadron of seven ships, carrying two hun- 
dred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, 
w^as fitted out at New York and at Norfolk, Virginia. When the 
commissioners heard of this they feared that this armament was 
designed for the relief of Fort Sumter. When Justice Campbell, 
at their request, addressed a letter to Mr. Seward asking informa- 
tion on this point, his reply was, " Faith as to Sumter fully kept ; 
wait and see." 

4. At this very time the fleet was on its way to reinforce the 
fort. Mr. Seward gave notice of this fact not to the commis- 
sioners but to Governor Pickens, of South Carolina, saying that 
he intended to " reinforce Fort Sumter, peaceably, if permitted ; 
but forcibly, if necessary." Soon after this Justice Campbell, 
believing in the right of the Southern cause, resigned his seat on 
the Supreme Court bench. 

5. Fort Sumter was at this time commanded by Major Robert 
Anderson, of the United States army, with less than one hundred 
men. General Gustave T. Beauregard commanded the Confed- 
erate force of six thousand men stationed in the other forts and 
batteries around Charleston harbor. When the Confederate au- 
thorities at Montgomery learned of the approach of the fleet with 
reinforcements, they instructed General Beauregard to demand 
of Major Anderson the evacuation of the fort. Major Anderson 
refused to comply, and on the morning of the 12th of April, 

3. Meanwhile, what prevailed at the navy-yard at New York ? What 
happened early in April? What did the commissioners fear? What was 
Mr. Seward's reply to their note ? 

4. What of the fleet at this very time ? To whom did Mr. Seward give 
notice? What did he say ? What did Justice Campbell do soon after ? 

5. By whom was Fort Sumter at this time commanded ? Who commanded 
the Confederate troops in Charleston harbor ? When the Confederate au- 
thorities heard that the fleet was on its way to reinforce Fort Sumter, what 
did they do ? What did Major Anderson do ? When did the Confederates 



260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1861, the Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter. On tlie 
morning of the 13th, after a terrific bombardment, the fort sur- 
rendered. The garrison were allowed to depart with all the hon- 
ors of war, carrying with them the flag which they had so gallantly 
defended. Strange to say, no life was lost on either side during all 
this bombardment. 

6. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter produced the wildest 
excitement throughout the North. On the 15th of April, Presi- 
dent Lincoln issued a proclamation calUng for seventy-five thou- 
sand troops, and convening Congress to meet in extra session on 
the 4th of July. The Confederate authorities at Montgomery 
met this call of Mr. Lincoln's by a call for volunteers to repel 
aggressions. 

CO 

7. On the 19th of April, as a Massachusetts regiment was 
marching through Baltimore, on its way to Washington, it was 
attacked by a mob. Three soldiers were killed and several 
wounded. The soldiers returned, the fire, killing and wounding 
quite a number. This was the first blood shed during the war. 
This afiair happened on the eighty-sixth anniversary of the battle 
of Lexington. 

8. The border slave States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Missouri, 
embracing more than half the population of the Southern States, 
had hitherto kept aloof from the secession movement, and were 
resolved not to side with the seceded States unless coercion should 
be used. When Mr. Lincoln called on them for their proportion 
of troops they all returned defiant replies. Virginia passed an 



open fire? When did the fort surrender? What were the garrison allowed 
to do ? Was any life lost in this bombardment ? 

6. What effect did the fall of Sumter produce throughout the North ? 
What did President Lincoln do on the 15th of April ? What did the Con- 
federate authorities do ? 

7. Give an account of the riot in Baltimore on the 19th of April. 

8. What had the border slave States hitherto done ? When Mr. Lincoln 
called on them for their proportion of troops, what did they do ? What 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 261 

ordinance of secession on the 17th of April, Arkansas on the Gth 
of May, North Carolina May 20, and Tennessee on the 8th 
of June. In Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri se- 
cession had to encounter a powerful opposition, and the result 
was that these four States remained in the Union. 

9. The Southern cause was greatly strengthened by the adhe- 
sion of Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which 
now joined the new Confederacy. The seat of government of the 
Confederate States was transferred from Montgomery, Alabama, 
to Richmond, Virginia, on the 21st of May. 

10. The Northern States responded promptly and enthusias- 
tically to Mr. Lincoln's call. Men of all parties rallied to the 
support of the government. The most bitter abolitionists were 
now zealous to maintain that very Union which they had once 
denounced as " a covenant with death and an agreement with 
hell." States-rights Democrats, who believed and had always 
proclaimed the right of secession, sided with their section and 
marched side by side with Republicans, who claimed that the 
Union was superior to the States, and denied the right of any 
State to withdraw from the Union for any cause whatever. All 
united in declaring that the Confederate authorities had by firing 
on Sumter brought upon themselves the responsibility of the 
war. 

11. The people of the South were equally enthusiastic. The 
Confederates maintained that the capture of Fort Sumter was 
merely an act of self-defence, and that the government of the 
United States had begun the war by sending a hostile fleet with 

States passed ordinances of secession ? Which of the border States remained 
in the Union ? Why did they remain ? 

9. How was the Southern cause greatly strengthened ? When was the 
seat of government transferred to Richmond, Virginia ? 

10. How did the people of the Northern States respond to Lincoln's call? 
What did men of all parties do? What did they all unite in declaring ? 

11. What of the people of the South ? What did the Confederates main- 
tain ? What of the best men of both sections ? What did the most ardent 
Union men of the South do ? 



262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the avowed intention to reinforce the fort at all hazards. They 
claimed that they stood upon the well-established principle that 
" the aggressor in a war is not the first who uses force, but the 
first who renders force necessary." Just as the best men of the 
North rallied around the Federal government, so the best men 
of the South flew to arms in defence of the sacred rights of the 
States which they believed to be threatened with destruction. 
The most ardent Union men who had opposed secession to the 
very last believed it their duty to obey the voice of their re- 
spective States, and ranged themselves with the most extreme 
secessionists under the banners of the new Confederacy. 

12. Everybody saw that a bitter and desperate struggle was at 
hand. The Federal and Confederate governments each hurried 
forward troops to Virginia in the East, and to Kentucky and Mis- 
souri in the West, which, it was evident, were destined to be the 
theatre of the war. 

13. For four years the sad spectacle was to be presented to the 
world of " States dissevered, discordant, belligerent ; of a land 
rent with civil feuds and drenched in fraternal blood." Each 
party to this dreadful conflict believed firmly in the justice of its 
cause. The loftiest patriotism swayed the soldiers of each sec- 
tion ; for the soldier of the North and the soldier of the South 
fought each for what he deemed the cause of country and of right. 
They proved this faith by the heroic valor with which they fought 
and laid down their lives on many a bloody field. Let none dis- 
honor the memory of either. 

14. Comparative Strength of the Combatants. — The States 
which remained in the Union had a population of twenty-three 
millions, of whom more than twenty-two millions were whites. 



12. What did everybody now see? What did the Federal and Confed- 
erate governments do ? 

13. What now began ? What did each party believe? What swayed the 
soldiers of each section ? How did they prove their faith ? 

14. What was the population of the States that remained in the Union ? 
What within the Confederate States ? What were the States that remained 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 263 

Within the limits of the Confederate States there were eight mil- 
lion inhabitants, of whom five million were whites, and three mil- 
lion negro slaves. The States that adhered to the Union were thus 
enabled to put into the field armies vastly larger than those that 
could be mustered by the seceded States. The United States had 
also entire possession of the navy, which had been the common 
property of all the States before secession. With this navy they 
were enabled to blockade the ports of the Confederate States, while 
their own ports were open and free to the commerce of the world. 
They could keep up the strength of their armies not only by en- 
listing great numbers in the Northern States, but also by procuring 
thousands of recruits from Europe. The ports of the Confederate 
States were soon so eff"ectually blockaded that they could get few 
supplies and no troops from abroad, and were obliged to depend 
upon their own limited resources. 

15. When the United States Senators and Representatives as- 
sembled in July at the call of President Lincoln, they provided 
for raising an army of five hundred thousand men and for fitting 
out a formidable navy. They declared that they prosecuted the 
war not for any purpose of conquest, nor with any design of in- 
terfering with the established institutions of the Southern States, 
but only for the purpose of maintaining the supremacy of the 
Constitution and of preserving the Union, with all the dignity, 
equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired. 

16. On the 24th of May a New York regiment, led by Colonel 
Ellsworth, took possession of Alexandria, in Virginia. On en- 
tering the place Ellsworth was slain by a Mr. J. W. Jackson, who 
was also himself immediately killed. 



in the Union able to do ? Of what else had the United States entire posses- 
sion ? Whiit were they able to do with this navy ? How could they keep up 
the strength of their armies? On what were the Confederates obliged to 
depend ? 

15. When the United States Senators and Representatives assembled in 
July, what did they do ? What did they declare ? 

16. What happened at Alexandria, Virginia, on the 24th of May ? 



264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

17. Grafton, in Northwest Virginia, was occupied by a Federal 
force on the 29th of May, and on the 3d of June a small Con- 
federate force were dispersed at Fhilippi by a much larger Fed- 
eral force. 

18. The first engagement of any note took place on the 10th 
of June, at Big Bethel Churchy near Fortress Monroe, in South- 
eastern Virginia. In this affair the Confederates, under Colonel 
D. H. Hill, defeated the Federals led by General Benjamin F. 
Butler. 

19. The campaign in West Virginia was conducted on the 
Federal side by General George B. McClellan. On the 11th of 
July a part of the army led by Colonel Rosecrans captured nine 
hundred Confederates at Rich Mountain. On the 14th of the 
same month the Confederate General Garnett, at the head of about 
two thousand men, while retreating from Laurel Hill, was defeated 
at Carriclcs Ford by a Federal army of nearly eight thousand 
men. Garnett was killed and his men scattered. The Confed- 
erates retreated to Monterey, a village in the mountains of Vir- 
ginia, where they were reinforced by a body of troops under 
General Henry R. Jackson, of Georgia. Soon after the Confed- 
erates advanced again and fortified a position at the foot of the 
Alleghany Mountains, near the Greenbrier River. The Federal 
forces seized and fortified the gaps at Cheat Mountain. On the 
17th of July, three days after the battle of Carrick's Ford, another 
Confederate force, under General Wise, defeated a Federal force 
at Scary Creek. 



17. Where did the Federals have a success on the 29th of May? Where 
on the ?<(\ of June? 

18. Where did the first engagement of note take place? What was the 
result? 

19. Who led the Federals in West Virginia? What happened at Rich 
Mountain on the llth of July? What happened on the 14th? AVhere did 
the Confederates receive reinforcements? What did they do soon afterwards? 
What did the Federals fortify ? What happened on the 17th of July at Scary 
Creek ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



265 



20. Meanwhile, in Eastern Virginia, in the neighborhood of 
Washington City, both the Federal and Confederate authorities 
were making every effort to collect large armies. About the 
middle of July the Federal army, nearly sixty thousand strong, 
began to advance, led by General Irwin McDowell. On the 18th 




BATTLK OF MANASSAS. 



their advance division, led by General Tyler, was repulsed by the 
Confederate advance, under General Longstreet. On the 21st 
of July occurred the first great battle of the war near Manassas 
Junction, at Bull Run. The Confederates were about thirty 
thousand strong, and were led by Generals Beauregard and Joseph 
E. Johnston. At first tliey were greatly outnumbered and were 
being gradually pushed back, biit by desperate efforts they were 



20. Meanwhile, what was going on near Washington City ? What happened 
about the middle of July? What hiffr^icned on the ISth? When and where 
M 23 



266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

rallied on a plateau, in rear of their first position, by General T. 
J. Jackson, assisted by Generals Bee, Bartow, and others. While 
Bee was encouraging his men he shouted to them, "There's 
Jackson standing like a stone wall," and from that time Thomas 
J. Jackson became known as " Stonewall Jackson." After a 
desperate struggle, in which Bee and Bartow were both slain at 
a moment when the Confederates were hard pressed, reinforce- 
ments from Winchester came shouting on the field. The whole 
aspect of aifairs was now changed. The Federals were checked 
and began a retreat, which was soon converted into a panic- 
stricken rout. The fugitives did not cease their flight until they 
were safe within their fortifications at Washington. The Confed- 
erate loss in this battle was about two thousand men, and that of 
the Federals three thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
twenty-eight cannon, ten battle-flags, five thousand muskets, and 
five hundred thousand cartridges. 

21. Both governments now realized that a terrible war was 
upon them, and set to work forming large armies. General 
Winfield Scott, the Federal commander-in-chief, resigned his com- 
mand on account of his age and declining strength, and General 
George B. McClellan, who had gained considerable reputation 
by his campaign in West Virginia, was appointed to the com- 
mand of the Federal Army of the Potomac. He immediately 
set -to work to organize, arm, and discipline a magnificent army. 
By the fall the Army of the Potomac numbered more than one 
hundred and fifty thousand men. The Confederate Army of 
Northern Virginia was also largely reinforced, but never at any 
time reached one hundred thousand. 

22. The main armies in A^ir<i;inia did not encounter each other 



was the first great battle of the war fought ? Describe the battle of Manassas 
or Bull Run. What were the losses ? Who gaineii the victory ? 

21. What did both governments now realize? Who was appointed to com- 
mand the Federal Army of the Potomac ? What did McClellan immediately 
do ? What did the Army of the Potomac number by the fall ? What of the 
Confederate army ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



267 



again during tlie year 1861. But on the 21st of October about two 
thousand Federals, under General Baker, were thrown across the 
Potomac at Ball's Bluff, near Leeshurg, where they were assailed 
by the Confederates, under General Nathan G. Evans, utterly 
defeated and driven into the river. General Baker was himself 




BATTLK OF LEHSBUIiG. 



among the slain. The only other affair of this year in Eastern 
Virginia was at Dranesville, where a Federal brigade gained a 
slight advantage on the 20th of December. 

23. In AVestern Virginia active operations continued through- 
out the year. On the 26th of August, General Floyd surprised 
and routed a Federal force, under Colonel Tyler, at Cross Lanes, 



22. What happened at Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, on the 21st of October ? 
What at Dranesville on the 20th of December? 

23. What of Western Virginia? What happened on the 26th of August? 



2G8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

inflicting on tlicm a loss of two Inmdred men and losing none 
himself. On the 10th of September, at Carnifax Ferry ^ on the 
Gaiiley River, General Floyd, in a strong position, with about two 
thousand Confederates, held his ground from three o'clock in the 
afternoon until night against ten thousand Federals, commanded 
by General Rosecrans. During the night Floyd retreated. He 
had had but one man killed, and had inflicted on his opponent a 
loss of about two hundred in killed and wounded, but, on account 
of his retreat, the Federals claimed the victory. A few days 
after this General Robert E. Lee, who had been operating in the 
vicinity of Cheat Mountain, arrived with reinforcements for Floyd, 
whereupon Rosecrans, in his tiM-n, retired. After General Lee's 
forces had left the vicinity of Clieat Mountain, General Rej^nolds 
came down from his fortified camp on Cheat Mountain, and on 
the 3d of October attacked the Confederates under General Henry 
R. Jackson in their position at Greenbrier Elver. Reynolds met 
with a severe repulse, and fell back to his fortifications. On the 
12th of December the Federals under General Milroy attacked the 
Confederates, consisting of Virginia and Georgia troops, under 
Colonel Edward Johnson, at Alleghany Siniwiit, but encountered 
a bloody repulse. 

24. In the West, during 1861, active operations were confined 
to the State of Missouri. At the beginning of the war Governor 
Jackson and the State authorities had attempted to maintain a neu- 
tral position between the parties at war. This had been prevented 
by Captain Lyon, the Federal officer in command at St. Louis, 
who, on the 25th of April, seized the State arsenal, and on the 10th 
of May routed the State militia. Soon after this Captain Lyon 
was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. Civil war now 



Kelate what is said of the battle of Carnifax Ferry. What happened a few 
days after this battle? What happened at Greenbrier River on the 3d of 
October? What at Alleghany Summit on the 12th of December? 

24. To what State were active operations in the West confined ? What had 
Governor Jackson and the State authorities attempted at the beginning of the 
war? How was this prevented? How was Lyon promoted? What now 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 269 

occurred in Missouri, in which most of the citizens of the south- 
ern part of the State sided with the Confederacy, but a very large 
majority of the people of the whole State took part with the gov- 
ernment of the United States. Governor Jackson sided with the 
Confederates. On the 5th of July, General Price, in command 
of Missouri troops, assisted by General McCulloch, commanding 
a Confederate force from Arkansas and Texas, defeated a Federal 
force at Ca7'thage. On the lOtli of August, at Oak Hill or 117/- 
so)is Creek, the Confederates gained a far more important victory, 
the Federal General Lyon being among the slain. On the 20tli 
of September, General Price captured Lexington, Missouri, with 
more than three thousand Federal prisoners. On the 7th of 
November, General Grant, after gaining some success, was defeated 
by the Confederates under General Pillow at Belmont. 

25. The State authorities of Kentucky had endeavored, like 
those of Missouri, to hold a position of armed neutrality between 
the States at war, but the attempt had failed in their case as it 
had in the case of Missouri. During the fall a portion of the 
people of the State organized a provisional government and at- 
tempted to ally the State with the Confederacy, but failed ; for 
the regular State Legislature and the vast majority of the people 
of the State sided with the United States. 

26. Operations along the coast were not very extensive during 
this year. On the 29th of August a Federal land and naval force 
captured the forts on Hatteras Inlet, off the coast of North Car- 
olina. The fleet was commanded by Commodore Stringham, and 
the land force by General B. F. Butler. Another expedition, 

occurred in Missouri ? How were the people divided ? What victory did the 
Confederates gain on the 6th of July? What one on the 10th of August? 
What happened at Lexington on the 20th of September? What happened 
on the 7th of November? 

25. What of the State authorities of Kentucky? What of the attempt? 
What did a portion of the people do during the fall ? Why did they fail ? 

26. What of operations along the coast? What victory did the Federals 
gain on the 29th of August? By whom was the fleet commanded? Who 
commanded the land force ? What other victory was gained by Commodore 

23- 



270 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



under Commodore Diipont and General T. W. Sherman, captured 
the earthworks at Port Royal^ South Carolina, on the 7th of No- 
vember. Hilton Head was occupied and made a centre of naval 
operations against the Southern ports. 

"l^i. In November, General Robert E. Lee was sect by the Con- 
federate government to take charge 
of the defences on the coast of 
Georgia and South Carolina. 

28. Naval operations of the year 
were, on the part of the United 
States, confined to the eiforts to 
enforce the blockade of the South- 
ern coasts, and on the part of the 
Confederates to the exploits of pri- 
vate armed ships to injure the com- 
merce of their foes. Several small 
vessels ran the blockade, and, get- 
ting out to sea, in less than a month 
captured and ran into Southern ports 
more than twenty prizes. The Sumter and Nashville, commanded 
respectively by Raphael Senimes, of Alabama, and Robert B. Pe- 
gram, of Virginia, regular officers, who had resigned their positions 
in the Federal navy, captured merchandise to the value of many 
millions and greatly crippled the foreign trade of the Northern 
States. 

29. Towards the close of the year an event happened which 
came near involving the United States in a war with Eno;land. 




GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 



Dupont and General T. W. Sherman ? What place did they make the centre 
of naval operations ? 

27. Who was sent out by the Confederate authorities to take charge of the 
Confederate coast-defences ? 

28. To what were naval operations on the part of the United States eon- 
fined? To what on the part of the Confederates ? What did several Confed- 
erate privateers do? What was accomplished by the Sumter and Nash- 
ville? 

29. What event happened towards the close of the year? Give an account 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



271 




BOMBARDMENT OF TORT ROYAL. 



Mason and Slidell, two Confederate ambassadors to the court of 
Great Britain, were forcibly taken from the British steam-paeket 
Trent by Captain Wilkes, commanding the United States steam- 
frigate San Jacinto. The British government demanded satisfac- 
tion for the act, and immediately began preparations for war. 
The United States government disavowed the act of Captain 
Wilkes and restored the ambassadors to a British vessel, where- 
upon the matter was settled. 

30. At the close of 1861 the advantage was greatly in favor 
of the Confederate States, both in the number and importance of 
the victories achieved and in the number of prisoners captured. 



of the aflfair. What did the British government demand ? What did the 
United States government do? 
30. On which side was the advantage at the close of 1861 ? 



272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER III. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION (Continued).— SECOND YEAR OF 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

1. At the beginning of 1862 the Confederates had in the field 
about three hundred thousand men, while the Federals had not 
less than eight hundred thousand. 

2. On the 1st of January, 1862, General " Stonewall" Jackson 
set out from Winchester, in Virginia, with a little more than ten 
thousand men, drove the Federals out of Bafh and Romncy, de- 
stroyed a considerable portion of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, and made some important captures, after which he returned 
to Winchester. On this expedition the sufferings of the soldiers 
from the intense cold and exposure were exceedingly severe. 

3. On the Atlantic coast the Federals gained several important 
victories. On the 8th of February a land and naval force, under 
General Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough, captured Ro- 
anoke Island with its garrison. On the 14th of March, General 
Burnside took possession of Neichern, North Carolina. In the 
same month an expedition captured St. Augustine, Fernandina, 
and other places in Florida, On the 11th of April, General Gill- 
more captured Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Georgia, and on the 
26th of the same month Fort Macon, in North Carolina, was sur- 
rendered to the Union forces under Commodore Goldsborough. 

4. The most important military movements of the year were 

1. What was the size of the armies at the beginning of 1862 ? 

2. Give an account of Stonewall Jackson's expedition which set out from 
Winchester on the 1st of January. What of the suiferings of the soldiers? 

3. What happened on the Atlantic coast? Mention these Federal successes 
in their order. 

4. What were the most important military movements of the year? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 273 

those connected with the cainpuigii in the West and the cam- 
paign in Virginia. 

5. The Western campaign began early in the year. On the 
19th of January the Federals, under the command of General 
George H. Thomas, gained a complete victory over the Confed- 
erates, commanded by General Felix K. Zollicoffer, at Fishing 
Creek, or 3Iill Spring, in Kentucky. General Zollicoffer was 
killed and his army routed. On the 6th of February Fort 
Henry, on the Tennessee, with a small garrison, surrendered to 
Commodore Foote, commanding a fleet of United States gunboats. 
On the 16th of February, General Grant, with an army of thirty 
thousand men, after a bloody battle, which continued three days, 
in the midst of snow and ice, captured Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland River, and its garrison of nine thousand men, about 
two thousand having been killed and wounded, and two thousand 
having escaped. Grant w^as assisted in this affair by Commodore 
Foote with his fleet of gunboats. 

6. The effect of this stunning blow was that General Albert 
Sydney Johnston, who had for months, with a small army, held 
his ground in Kentucky in the face of overwhelming forces of the 
Federals, was forced to retreat from Kentucky, and even to aban- 
don Nashville, in Tennessee, and retire to the borders of Alabama 
and Mississippi, leaving part of his force to hold East Tennessee 
and a small portion of Middle Tennessee. 

7. The Confederate forces under Albert Sydney Johnston and 
Beauregard were now concentrated at Corinth, Mississippi. Johns- 
ton hoped for reinforcements from beyond the Mississippi, but 
the Confederate forces on the west of that river could not be 
brought over because they were themselves hard pressed by the 
Federals. On the 7th and 8th of March was fought the bloody 

5. When did the Western campaign begin? What happened on the 19th 
of January ? On the 6th of February ? Give an account of the battle of Fort 
Donelson. 

6. What was the effect of this stunning blow ? 

7. Where were the Confederate forces now concentrated ? AVhat did Johns- 
M* 



274 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. 



battle of Elk Horn, or Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, in which the Con- 
federates, numbering twenty thousand, under Price, Van Dorn, 
and McCulloch, were finally forced to give way before the Fed- 
eral army, twenty-five thousand strong, led by General Curtis. 
The gallant General McCulloch was killed in this battle. On the 
21st of March the Confederates gained a victory at Valverde 
(val-ver-da), in New Mexico. 

8. Early in April the Union or Federal army under Grant was 
moved to Pittshurg Lauding, on the Tennessee River. Another 
Union army under General Buell was ordered to move from Nash- 



ton hope for? Why was he disappointed ? Give an account of the battle of 
Elk Horn, or Pea Ridge. What happened at Valverde, in New Mexico, on 
the 21st of March? 

8. What happened early in April ? Who was ordered to join Grant ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 275 

ville and join Grant. Johnston and Beauregard, who, as we have 
ah-eady mentioned, had concentrated their forces at Corinth, re- 
solved to strike a blow before the two Federal armies could be 
united. Moving rapidly forward, they fell upon Grant's army at 
Shiloh on the (3th of April, and drove them under the shelter of 
their gunboats, capturing between five and six thousand prisoners, 
thirty-six cannon, and an immense amount of army stores. But 
General Albert Sydney Johnston was killed, and Buell's army 
reached the field of battle that night. Early next morning the 
Federals, now largely outnumbering the Confederates, moved 
forward to the attack. After holding his ground successfully 
from sunrise until afternoon, Beauregard withdrew his army in 
perfect order and unpursued to the intrenchments at Corinth, 
carrying with him most of the spoil of the Federal camp captured 
on the previous day. In this desperate two days' battle the Con- 
federates numbered forty thousand men, and the Federals at least 
sixty thousand. The losses were on the Confederate side over 
ten thousand, and on the Federal side more than fifteen thousand, 
men. This was the greatest battle of the war up to that time, 
and was indecisive. 

9. On the 8th of April the Confederate fortifications at Island 
No. 10, in the Mississippi River, were captured, together with 
the garrison and seventy cannon, by the Federal gunboats, as- 
sisted by the land forces under General Pope. 

10. The capture of New Orleans was a still greater Federal 
success. Commodore David G. Farragut (far-ra-gu), with a pow- 
erful fleet of armed vessels, after bombarding for six days Forts 
Jackson and St. Philip, which defended the passage to New Or- 



What did Johnston and Beauregard resolve to do? Give an account of the 
first day's battle at Shiloh. What of General Johnston? Give an account 
of the second day's fight. What was the size of the opposing armies and 
their losses in the battle of Shiloh ? 

9. What victory did the Federals gain on the 8th of April ? 

10. What was a still greater Federal success ? Describe the capture of New 
Orleans. 



27G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

leans, boldly ran past their guns, defeated the small Confederate 
fleet of rams, fire-rafts, etc., and approached New Orleans, which 
was abandoned by the Confederates. On the 28th of April, Gen- 
eral B. F. Butler brought up his land forces and took possession. 

11. On the 29th of May, General Beauregard, feeling unable 
with his army of only thirty thousand effective troops to resist 
Halleck's army of one hundred thousand, retired from Corinth 
to Tupelo, in Mississippi. In consequence of this retreat Fo7't 
Pillow was abandoned on the 4th of June, and Memphis fell into 
the hands of the Federals after the destruction of a small Confed- 
erate flotilla which defended the city. 

12. Soon after this, in consequence of the failure of General 
Beauregard's health, he was succeeded by General Braxton Bragg. 
There was now a short lull in the fighting between the main 
armies in the West. 

13. We will now note \h.Q progress of events in Virginia during 
the same period. 

Ever since the defeat at Manassas, or Bull Bun, General Mc- 
Clellan had been busy organizing a mighty army. Early in the 
spring nearly two hundred thousand Federal troops began to ad- 
vance upon the diff"erent Confederate positions in Virginia. At 
that time the Confederates in every part of Virginia numbered 
very little more than sixty thousand men. When McClellan ad- 
vanced towards Manassas with an army one hundred and twenty 
thousand strong. General Joseph E. Johnston, whose force num- 
bered not more than thirty thousand men, retired behind the 
Bapidan. 



11. What did Beauregard do on the 29th of May? What happened in con- 
sequence of this retreat? 

12. By whom was Beauregard succeeded soon after this? 

13. Turning now to the Enst, what liad General McClellan been engaged 
in ever since the defeat of the Federal army at Manassas? AVhat did the 
Federal troops do early in the spring ? What did the Confederates in Vir- 
ginia number at this time? When McClellan advanced upon Manassas, what 
did General Joseph E. Johnston do ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



277 




MONITOR AND VIRGINIA. 



14. Just about this time a Confederate iron-clad vessel, named 
the Virginia, fell upon the Federal fleet in Hmnjytoii Roads, near 
Norfolk, destroyed the United States war-vessels Cumberland 
and Congress, and put the Federal fleet to flight. This was on 
tlie 8th of March. On the next day an iron-plated, turreted ves- 
sel called the Monitor, which had just arrived from New York, 
attacked the Virginia, and so damaged her that she was obliged 
to return to her moorings. 

15. After the retreat of Johnston from Manassas, General Mc- 
Clellan changed his plan and conveyed his troops by transports 
down the Chesapeake Bay to Fortress Monroe, intending to ad- 



14. Give an account of the naval battle in Hampton Roads on the 8th of 
March. On the 9th. 

15. After the retreat of Johnston, what did McCIellan do ? What was the 

24 



278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vance upon Richmond by way of the Peninsula, as that part of 
Virginia is called which lies between the York and James Rivers. 
The only Confederate force in the Peninsula at this time was 
General Magruder's corps of eleven thousand men. When Johns- 
ton became aware of McClellan's design he concentrated all his 
available forces at Yorktown. McClellan's advance was so de- 
layed that he did not enter Yorktown until early in May. Johns- 
ton now retired up the Peninsula towards Richmond. Several 
encounters occurred between the Confederate rear-guard and the 
Federal advance, the most important of which was the battle of 
Williamshmy, on the 5th of May. This afiair was indecisive, 
both sides claiming the victory. Johnston continued his retreat 
towards Richmond, and ordered the Confederate troops at Nor- 
folk to evacuate that city and unite with his army. Norfolk was 
accordingly abandoned on the 11th of May. At the same time 
the Confederate iron-clad Virginia was destroyed to prevent its 
falling into the hands of the Federals. 

16. On the 15th of May the Federal fleet of iron-clad gun- 
boats, led by the monitors Galena and Aroostook, made a formid- 
able bombardment of the Confederate works at Drcwrys Bluffs 
which defended Richmond against attack by the waters of the 
James River. The Federal fleet was completely repulsed. 

17. Meanwhile, reinforcements from every quarter began to 
pour in to swell the ranks of Johnston's army, until it numbered 
nearly seventy thousand men. On the 31st of May the battle of 
Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, was fought. The Confederates attacked 
the Federal army and defeated the left wing, capturing ten cannon, 

only Confederate force on the Peninsula at this time ? When Johnston be- 
came aware of McClellan's design, what did he do? How was McClellan's 
advance delayed? As .Johnston retired up the Peninsula, what occurred? 
What of the battle of Williamsburg? What did Johnston order the Confeder- 
ate troops at Norfolk to do ? What became of the iron-clad Virginia ? 

16. What happened on the 15th of May? 

17. What now began to swell the ranks of Johnston's army ? What battle 
occurred on the 31st of May ? Give an account of it. What of General 
Johnston? Who succeeded him ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



2T9 



his celebrated Vallcij cam- 



six thousand muskets, and a quantity of tents and camp equipage. 
The Federal right, however, remained lirm, and the battle was 
indecisive. The losses were nearly seven thousand killed, wounded, 
and prisoners on the Federal side, and four thousand on the 
Confederate. General Johnston was himself so badly wounded 
that he was obliged to retire from active service for several 
months. General Robert E. Lee now took command of the 
Confederate army defending Richmond. 

18. When McClellan, with one hundred and twenty thousand 
men, began his campaign up the Peninsula, the Federal plan of 
operations was, that Fremont should come down from the north- 
west, Banks from the Shenandoah Valley, and McDowell from 
Fredericksburg, thus increasing the army of McClellan by more 
than sixty thousand men. 

19. But Sfoiiewall Jackson in 
jpaign, one of the most brilliant and 
dashing on record, kept the co-op- 
erating armies too busy to carry out 
the part that had been assigned 
them. On the 23d of March, just 
after McClellan had made his land- 
ing on the Peninsula, Jackson, who 
had been left in the valley to watch 
the movements of the Federals, 
feeling the necessity of making 
some diversion in favor of Johns- 
ton, with less than four thousand 
men vigorously attacked the Federal 
army of eleven thousand, commanded by Generals Shields and 
Banks, at Kernstoicn, near Winchester. Jackson was repulsed, but 
drew oiF his troops in good order, having succeeded in retaining 




STONEWALL JACKSO.V. 



18. When McClellan began his Peninsula campaign, what was the Federal 
plan of operations ? 

19. Who broke up this plan ? What did Jackson do on the 23d of Mai-ch ? 
What was the result? Did Jackson accomplish his object? How was Jack- 



280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the army of General Banks in the valley, — the very object for 
which he fought the battle. After General Johnston had con- 
centrated the main Confederate army near Kichmond, he sent 
General Ewing with a division of troops to reinforce Jackson, 
As soon as the reinforcements arrived Jackson moved rapidly up 
the valley, and falling upon the advance of Fremont's army under 
Milroy at the village of McDowell, on the 8th of May, com- 
pletely defeated the Federals and drove them beyond the moun- 
tains. He then marched down the valley, crushed the left wing 
of Banks's army at Front Royal on the 23d of May, forced 
Banks out of Winchester on the 25tli, and drove him across the 
Potomac, capturing nearly four thousand prisoners and many 
cannon, together with a large amount of military stores. General 
McDowell, instead of marching to the assistance of JMcClellan, 
sent Shields to co-operate with Fremont in an effort to surround 
and capture Jackson's force ; but that skilful officer passed be- 
tween these converging armies before they could unite, his rear- 
guard under Ewell repulsed Fremont at Cross Keys on the 8th 
of June, and on the next morning, with his entire force, Jackson 
defeated Shields at Port Republic, pursuing him ten miles and 
capturing eight of his cannon. 

20. The results of this campaign were wonderful. With only 
fifteen thousand men Jackson had outgeneralled and beaten in 
detail three major-generals and sixty thousand men, who, if con- 
centrated into one army, ought to have annihilated the whole 
Confederate force. He had prevented the junction of McDowell 
with McClellan, alarmed the Federal authorities for the safety of 
Washington, and saved Richmond. In all these rapid movements 



son strengthened after the Confederate army was concentrated at Kichmond? 
As soon as the reinforcements arrived, what did Jackson do? Relate Jack- 
son's movements and victories after his defeat of Milroy at McDowell. What 
did General McDowell do? How did Jackson elude his pursuers? What did 
his rear-guard under Ewell do? What did Jackson himself do next day? 

20. What of the results of this campaign ? Tell what Jackson had accom- 
plished. 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 281 

his army had marclied more than four hundred miles. " Jackson's 
foofc-cavahy," as the other soldiers called them, were now the pride 
of the Confederate army in Virginia. 

21. Soon after Lee took command of the Confederate army at 
Richmond, he sent to Jackson the divisions of Generals Whiting 
and Lawton for the purpose of leading the Federals to believe 
that Jackson intended an advance upon Washington. Then, while 
the Federal generals in the valley were expecting an attack and 
fortifying against it, Jackson quietly slipped away, and, on the 
evening of the 26th of June, appeared on the rear of the right 
flank of McClellan's army, while Lee, with the main Confederate 
army, was ready to fall upon the Federal front. The position 
of the Federals had been made known to Lee by General Stuart, 
who had, with a small body of cavalry, made the entire circuit of 
McClellan's army in safety. 

22. Under the direction of Lee himself there now occurred 
a series of bloody encounters, known as TJie Seven Da?/s' Bat- 
tles. On the afternoon of the 26th of June, while the Confed- 
erates were getting into the position from which they intended to 
make the attack, occurred the battle of Mechanicsville and Beaver 
Dam Creek. On the next day (June 27) Lee crossed the Chick- 
ahominy and, uniting with Jackson, attacked that part of the Fed- 
eral army that was on the north side of the river. This combat, 
known as the battle of Gaines s 31111, or Cold Harhor, resulted in 
the complete defeat of the Federal army, who with difficulty 
were able to cross the Chickahominy and join their comrades on 
the south side. McClellan was now obliged to retreat towards the 
James River. This retreat was marked by the battles of Savage's 
Station (June 29), Frazers Farm and White Oak Swamp, on the 

21. "What did Lee do soon after he took command at Richmond? While 
the Federal generals were expecting an attack, what did Jackson do ? How 
had the position of the Federals been made known to Lee ? 

22. What now occurred ? Which was the first of these battles ? Describe 
the next day's battle at Gaines's Mill. What was McClellan now obliged to 
do ? By what was this retreat marked ? What had Lee accomplished ? AVhat 

24* 



282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

30th, and Malvern Hill, on the 1st of July. At the List-named 
battle the Confederates were repulsed, but when, the next morn- 
ing, they advanced to renew the attack, the Federals were gone. 
They had retired to Harrison's Landing, on the James Kiver, 
where they found refuge under the protection of their gunboats. 

With not quite eighty thousand men Lee had defeated McClel- 
lan's army, numbering one hundred and ten thousand effective 
troops, had captured fifty-two cannon, thirty thousand stand of 
small arms, an immense amount of army stores, and over ten 
thousand prisoners. The losses were about twenty thousand on 
each side ; but the siege of Richmond was raised, and the dis- 
couragement at the North was as great as after the defeat at Ma- 
nassas. Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand more 
men. 

23. After the fliilure of McClellan's Peninsula camj)aign, the 
armies that had been defeated by General Jackson in the valley 
were united with McDowell's force, and the whole placed under 
the command of Major-General John Pope. McClellan was 
ordered to send his army around by Acquia Creek to unite with 
the forces under General Pope, who was then to begin a new 
advance upon Richmond from the north. Lee sent Jackson to 
meet Pope, and soon after followed with his entire force. On the 
9th of August, Jackson defeated the advance of Pope's army at 
Cedar Run. Lee now moved northward, and united with Jack- 
son, who, having got into the rear of the Federals, was fighting 
against great odds. On the 29th and 30th of August was fought 
the second batde of 3Ianassas. Pope's army, which had been 
reinforced by a part of McClellan's array, was utterly defeated, 
and driven back to the fortifications near Washington. Pope's 

were the losses on each side? What of the siege of Richmond? What did 
Lincoln issue? 

23. What was done after the failure of the Peninsula campaign ? What 
was McClellan ordered to do? What was Pope to do? What did Lee do? 
What happened at Cedar Run on the 9th of August? What did Lee now do? 
What battle was fought on the 29th and 30th of August? Give an account 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



283 



rear-guard was again attacked by Jackson on September 1, at 
ChantiUy^ or Ox Hill, and forced back in disorder. Here the 
Union Generals Kearney and Stevens Avere killed. Popes cam- 
paign bad cost the Federals thirty thousand men. including eight 
generals and nine thousand pris- 
oners, besides thirty cannon and 
thirty thousand stand of small 
arms. Pope's shattered command 
was now united with the Army of 
the Potomac, which had reached 
Washington, and the whole was 
put under McClellan. 

24. Lee now crossed the Poto- 
mac into Maryland, and advanced 
as far as Frederick. Since it was 
necessary to open the line of com- 
munication through the valley, 
Lee sent Jackson's corps against Harper's Ferry. McClellan 
having found a copy of Lee's order of march, hastened with his 
whole army to the relief of Harper's Ferry. Lee finding it 
necessary to defend the passage of the South Mountain in order 
to secure the safety of Jackson's corps, sent General D. H. Hill, 
and afterwards General Longstreet, to oppose the passage of the 
Federals at Boonsboro' Gap, in the South Mountain, while Gen- 
eral Howell Cobb was likewise ordered to hold Crampton's Gap 
as long as possible. The force under Hill and Longstreet held 
their ground until darkness closed the fight, but Cobb's small 
force, after a gallant fight, was forced to yield the unequal contest 
and withdraw. This battle occurred September 14. But Lee 




-^ 



GENERAL M CLELLAN. 



of this battle. What happened at Chantilly, or Ox Hill ? What had Pope's 
campaign cost the Federals ? What was done with Pope's shattered com- 
mand? Under whose command were the Federal armies again placed? 

24. What did Lee now do? Where did he send Jackson's corps? What 
did McClellan find ? AVhat did Lee now find it necessary to do ? Describe the 
battle of South Mountain. What happened on the morning of the 15th of Sep- 



284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

liad gained the needed time fur liis Harper's Ferry operations. On 
the morning of the 15th Harpers i^^n-^ surrendered to Jackson, 
with its garrison of nearly twelve thousand men, besides seventy- 
three cannon and thirteen thousand stand of small arms. Jackson 
was now ordered to join Lee, who was concentrating his forces 
behind Antietam Creek. Here, on the 17th of September, was 
fought the great battle of Sliarpshurg, or Antietam. Lee with 
less than forty thousand Confederates held his ground against 
nearly ninety thousand Federals led by General McClellan, re- 
pulsing every assault with the most consummate skill. During 
the whole of the next day the two armies remained facing each 
other, but neither renewed the battle. During the night of the 
18th, Lee, having ascertained that McClellan was being heavily 
reinforced, withdrew his army across the Potomac into A^irginia. 
His loss at Antietam was ten thousand men, that of McClellan 
twelve thousand. On account of Lee's retreat the Federals 
claimed the victory, but the Confederates also claimed it because 
they had repulsed every attack, had offered battle during all the 
next day, and had retired unmolested on the second night after 
the battle. It was really an indecisive battle, in which great 
gallantry was displayed on both sides. 

25. On the night of the 19th McClellan sent Porter's corps of 
fresh troops across the Potomac in pursuit of Lee, but General 
A. P. Hill, being sent against him by Lee, attacked Porter's troops 
near Shepherdstoini on the morning of the 20th, and drove the 
Federals into the Potomac with great slaughter. No other attempt 
was made to molest Lee. 

26. The Federal army remained on the north of the Potomac 



tember ? AVhat was Jackson now ordered to do ? Give an account of the battle 
of Antietam, or Sharpsburg ? What was done the day after the battle? What 
did Lee do on the night of the 18th? What were the losses on both sides? 
On what grounds did both parties claim the victory? What was really the 
case? 

25. Give an account of the battle of Shepherdstown. 

26. What did the two armies now do ? What had Lee's army done since 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



285 



and did nothing until November. The Confederate army went 
into camp to recuperate and rest near Winchester, Virginia. Since 
the 25th of June it had marched over three hundred miles on 
half rations and poorly clad, had vanquished three powerful armies 
in numerous battles and skirmishes, had inflicted on the Federals 
a loss of nearly seventy-six thousand men, and had captured one 
hundred and fifty-five cannon and nearly seventy thousand stand 
of small arms, besides military stores to the amount of millions 
of dollars. While the army was resting near Winchester, General 
Stuart, commander of Lee's cavalry, set out with about eighteen 
hundred cavalry, crossed the Potomac above Williamsport, pushed 
on to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania, where he destroyed a large 
amount of supplies, and, passing entirely around McClellan's army, 
recrossed into Virginia below Harper's Ferry. 

27. The Confederate armies in the West had during the same 
time been attempting to recover Tennessee and Kentucky. The 
way for an advance was opened 
by the successful cavalry raids of 
Colonels Morgan and Forrest. 
The first named of these ofiicers 
moved into Kentucky, captured 
Lebanon and Cynthiana, with 
twelve hundred prisoners, re- 
entered Tennessee, and captured 
Clarksville, with a large amount 
of military stores. Forrest 
crossed the Tennessee Ptiver at 
Chattanooga early in July, cap- 
tured McMinnville and Mur- 
freesboro', with the garrison of the latter place. General Bra^ 




GENERAL BRAGG. 



the 25th of June ? While the Confederate army was resting near AYinchester, 
what bolil exploit did General Stuart perform? 

27. What had the Confederate armies in the AVest been doing in the mean 
while ? How was the way for an advance opened ? Relate Morgan's exploits. 
Relate those of Forrest. What did General Bragg do soon after? What did 



286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

soon after these cavalry raids moved northward from Chattanooga 
with fifty thousand Confederates, flanking Buell's army and 
forcing its retreat into Kentucky, while General Kirby Smith, 
with seven thousand men, advanced from Knoxville into Ken- 
tucky. On the 30th of August, the same day that Lee won the 
second battle of Manassas, General Kirby Smith utterly defeated 
ten thousand Federals under Generals Nelson and Manson at 
Richmond, Kentucky, inflicting on them a loss of one thousand 
men in killed and wounded, and five thousand prisoners, besides 
nine cannon and ten thousand stand of small arms. Smith then 
entered Lexington, and moving northward, alarmed the Federals 
for the safety of Cincinnati. Bragg entered Kentucky on the 
5th of September (the same day that Lee entered Maryland). 
On the 17th he captured the town of Mum/ordsville, with four 
thousand prisoners, several cannon, and four thousand stand of 
small arms. He then moved forward and entered FranJi/ort, 
the capital of Kentucky, where he inaugurated a provisional 
governor. A few days after this General Buell, who had been 
heavily reinforced, began to advance upon Bragg. When Bragg 
entered Kentucky he had looked for the co-operation of Gen- 
eral Van Dorn, who was expected to defeat the Federals in 
Northern Mississippi and then advance into Kentucky. But 
Van Dorn was unable to carry out his part of the proposed plan. 
At luka, in Northern Mississippi, General Price was defeated 
on the 19th of September. On the 4th of October, Generals 
Van Dorn and Price, with nearly thirty thousand men, attacked 
the Federals under Rosecrans, numbering twenty thousand, in 
their fortified position at Corinth, but were repulsed with the 
loss of about five thousand men. When Bragg found that he 



General Kirby Smitb do? What victory did Kirby Smith win the same day 
that Lee won the second Manassas? AVhen did Bragg enter Kentucky? 
Whiit place did he capture on the 17tb ? What did he do after this ? What 
happened a few days after ? When Bragg entered Kentucky, what had he 
expected? Why was he disappointed? What happened at luka on the 19th 
of September ? What at Corinth on the 4th of October. When Bragg found 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 287 

could not receive the hoped-for assistance from Price and Van 
Dorn, he prepared to retire into Tennessee. As Buell pressed 
upon him very rapidly he found it necessary to fight a battle to 
cover his retreat and to enable him to secure the rich spoils which 
he had captured in Kentucky. Accordingly, at Perryville^ on the 
8th of October, he halted and gave battle. Though greatly out- 
numbered, he not only repulsed the Federals but forced one wing 
back about two miles, capturing fifteen cannon and inflicting on 
the Federals a loss of four thousand men, while his own loss was 
only twenty-five hundred. The Federals claimed a victory because 
Bragg retreated during the night, while the Confederates claimed 
to be victorious because this battle secured their retreat from 
Kentucky without further molestation, and enabled them to carry 
off the great supplies of every description which had been cap- 
tured. 

Bragg had failed to recover Kentucky, but he had succeeded 
in forcing back Buell, who had been threatening Chattanooga, in 
Tennessee, and even Atlanta, in Georgia ; he had recovered a large 
part of Middle Tennessee, and by the capture of Cumberland 
Gap he had secured the possession of East Tennessee. 

28. In the East active operations were resumed on the 2d of 
November, when the Federal army again crossed the Potomac 
into Virginia. General Ambrose E. Burnside now superseded 
McClellan in command of the Federal army, and commenced a 
march upon Richmond by way of Fredericksburg, which place he 
hoped to reach before Lee's army could get there ; but when he 
reached that position he found Lee ready to oppose his advance. 
On the 13th day of December occurred the great battle of 



that he could not get the hoped-for assistance, what did he do ? What did he 
find it necessary to do? Describe the battle of Perryville. On what grounds 
did each side claim the victory ? What had Bragg failed to do ? What had 
he succeeded in doing? 

28. When were active operations resumed in the East ? AVho superseded 
McClellan ? What did Burnside commence ? Describe the battle of Fred- 
ericksburg. What did this victory secure for the Confederates? 



288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Frederickshiirg. Burnside's army, one hundred and twenty thou- 
sand strong, assaulted the heights held by Lee with nearly sixty 
thousand men, and met with a terrible repulse, losing more than 
thirteen thousand men, while the Confederate loss was about four 
thousand. This victory secured to the Confederate Army of Vir- 
ginia a period of rest from the attacks of the Federals. 

29. Towards the close of the year the Federals in Mississippi 
attempted to capture Vicksburg. But their plans failed. Gen- 
eral Van Dorn captured //o% Springs, with two thousand prison- 
ers, and destroyed Grant's depot of supplies, thus forcing General 
Grant to retreat. General Sherman, who was to co-operate with 
Grant, encountered the Confederates under Pemberton at Clvickc- 
saw Bayou, on the 29th of December, and was repulsed with the 
loss of two thousand men, while the total Confederate loss was 
only two hundred and seven. 

30. The last great battle of the year 1862 was fought between 
the armies of Bragg and Rosecrans (who had succeeded Buell), 
near Mur/reeshoro\ Tennessee, the attack being made by Bragg. 
Eosecrans had set out from Nashville with forty-seven thousand 
men, expecting to crush Bragg's army, numbering thirty-five 
thousand, but Bragg anticipated him, and on the 31st of Decem- 
ber began the attack, driving back the Federal right wing in con- 
fusion, capturing four thousand prisoners and thirty-one cannon, 
but failed to carry the position occupied by the left wing of the 
Federal army. On the 2d of January the fight was renewed, 
but without decisive results. On the 3d of January, Bragg ascer- 
tained that Bosecrans was being reinforced. Accordingly, he 
moved his army back in the direction of Tullahoma and Shelby- 
ville, carrying ofi" all the spoil which he had captured. In this 



29. What did the Federals attempt in Mississippi towards the close of the 
year ? How was Grant forced to retreat ? Where was Sherman defeated? 

30. Where nnd between whom was the last great battle of the year fought ? 
Give an account of the first day's battle. When was the battle renewed, and 
with what result? What did Bragg do on the night of January 3? What 
were the losses in this battle ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



289 



battle of Murfreesboro', or Stone River, the Federal loss was 
fourteen thousand, the Confederate ten thousand. 

31. On the coast the Federals gained some successes the first 
part of the year, but these have already been noted. On the 
l(3th of June, Greneral H. Gr. Wright led a force of six thousand 
men against the Confederate works at Secesswnvillc, on James' 
Island, but was repulsed with great loss. On the 22d of October 
a Federal army was defeated at Pocotaligo^ in South Carolina, 
while attempting to seize the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. 

32. During this year the small navy, particularly the two war- 
vessels, the Florida and the Alabama, did immense damage to the 
Federal commerce. 

33. In the early part of 1862 the Federals had gained many 
brilliant victories, and had overrun and occupied large portions 
of the territory of the Confederates ; but at the close of the year, 
though the Confederates had recovered but little of their lost 
ground, yat their troops were triumphant on almost every field, 
and the Federals were everywhere held in check. Each side 
counted up its successes, and hoped for better results for the next 
year. 




SEAL OF WEST VIRGINIA. 



34. At the close of this year forty-eight counties of Western 
and Northern Virginia, the people of which had sided with the 



31. Give an account of the battle of Secessionville. 

32. What was accomplished by the Confederate navy during this year? 

33. What was the state of afiFairs in the early part of 1862 ? What at the 
close of the year ? What did each side do ? 

34. What happened in Western and Northern Virginia at the close of this 
N 25 



290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Federal government, formed a provisional government and ap- 
plied for admission into the Union. The application was granted 
by the United States Congress, and West Virginia was recognized 
as a State in the following spring (April 20, 1863), and fully 
admitted exactly two months later. 



CHAPTER IV. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION (Continued).— THIRD YEAR OF 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

1. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued a 
proclamation emancipating the slaves in all the States that had 
seceded from the Union. Although this measure was not in ac- 
cordance with the Constitution, yet it was justified by the friends 
of the administration on the plea of military necessity. By this 
proclamation it was expected to weaken the power of the Con- 
federacy by holding out to the negroes the promise of freedom, 
and thus causing them to become the enemies of their masters. 

2. At the beginning of 1863 the Federal armies were larger 
than in the previous year, and the Confederate armies were 
smaller. The efforts of the Federals were chiefly directed to the 
capture of Vicksburg, in Mississippi, and Richmond, in Virginia. 
Along the coast also both parties were quite active. 

3. We will first treat of ojierations on the coast in the first 

year? When was West Virginia recognized as a State by the United States 
Congress ? When was it fully admitted ? 

1. What did President Lincoln do on the 1st of January, 1S63? On what 
plea was this measure justified? What was expected to be accomplished by 
this proclamation ? 

2. What can you say of the respective armies at the beginning of this year? 
To what were the efforts of the Federals chiefly directed ? What of both par- 
ties along the coast ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 291 

months of the year. On the 1st of January, 1863, General John 
B. Magrudcr, by a night attack on the Federal fleet and garrison, 
recaptured Galveston, Texas, destroyed the Federal ship West- 
field, captured another vessel, the Harriet Lane, drove off the 
rest of the Federal fleet, and raised the blockade on that part of 
the coast. On the afternoon of January 11 the Confederate war- 
steamer Alabama, commanded by Commodore Semmes, attacked 
and captured the Federal war-steamer Eatteras and her crew of 
one hundred and eighteen men. In ten minutes after her cap- 
ture the Hatteras sank, and was thus lost to her captors. On the 
21st of the same month, at Sabine Pass, Major O. M. Watkins, 
with two Confederate gunboats, chased out to sea and captured 
a Federal gunboat and a schooner, with thirteen cannon, one hun- 
dred and twenty-nine prisoners, and one million dollars' worth of 
stores. On the 31st of January the Confederate naval force in 
the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, commanded by Cap- 
tain D. N. Ingraham, attacked the Federal blockading fleet, and 
for the time dispersed and drove them entirely out of sight. On 
the 27th of February, near Savannah, Georgia, four Federal 
iron-clad gunboats, under Commodore Worden, attacked the 
Confederate steamer Nashville, that had got aground near Fort 
McAllister, and succeeded in setting her on fire and destroying 
her. On March 3 four Federal iron-clad gunboats and three 
mortar-schooners, commanded by Commodore Dupont, attacked 
Fort McAllister, but were repulsed. On the 6th of April a 
strong Federal fleet, consisting of nine iron-clads and five other 
gunboats, commanded by Commodore Dupont, assailed Fort Sum- 
ter, in Charleston harbor, but were repulsed, after having several 
of their vessels damaged and one of them (the Keokuk) sunk. 



3. What victory did the Confederates gain on the 1st of January, 1863? 
What on the afternoon of January 11 ? What happened at Sabine Pass on 
the 21st of the same month ? What in Charleston harbor January 31 ? What 
did a Federal fleet do near Savannah, Georgia, on the 27th of February ? 
What happened at Fort McAllister on March 3 ? What at Fort Sumter 
April 6 ? 



292 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. The camjjaign in Virginia began on the 29th and 30th of 
April, when General Joseph Hooker, who had superseded Greneral 

Burnside, crossed the Rappahan- 
nock with one hundred and thirty- 
two thousand men. Lee had only 
fifty thousand men with which to 
meet this force, as Longstreet was 
absent with the greater part of his 
corps in Southeastern A^irginia. 
When Hooker crossed the Rap- 
pahannock he exultingly declared 
that Lee would be obliged either 
to fly or fight a battle in which 
his army would certainly be de- 
GENEUAL HOOKER. stroycd. But instcad of retreat- 

ing Lee resolved to make the 
attack himself. Taking advantage of the dense woods to conceal 
liis movements^ he detached Stonewall Jackson with his corps to 
move around to the Federal rear, while he himself kept up a show 
of fight in front. On the afternoon of the 2d of May, Jackson, 
having gained the Federal rear by a circuit of more than fifteen 
miles, burst upon their right flank and routed it. On the next 
day Hooker's main force was attacked by Lee and driven back at 
Chancellorsville. On the 4th, General Sedgwick, who was advan- 
cing to attack Lee's army in the rear, was overwhelmed at Salem 
Church and driven back in confusion. On the night of the 5th, 
Hooker retreated across the Rappahannock, leaving behind seven- 
teen thousand men, — killed, wounded, and prisoners, — fourteen 




4. When did the campaign in Virginia begin ? How many men had Lee 
with which to meet this force? What did Hooker declare when he crossed 
the Rappahannock ? Instead of retreating, what did Lee do ? "Whom did he 
send against the Federal rear? What happened on the 2d of May ? What on 
the next day? AVhat on the 4th ? What did Hooker do on the night of the 
5th ? What was his loss ? What the Confederate loss? What great general 
did the Confederates lose? What is this three days' conflict called ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



293 



cannon, and thirty thousand stand of small arms. The Confed- 
erate loss was ten thousand men. Among these was one espe- 
cially whom they could ill afford to lose, the famous Stonewall 
Jackson, whose skill and courage had so .often won victory and 
renown for the Confederate arms. This terrible three days' con- 
flict is known as the battle of ChancellorsviUe. Both armies re- 
mained quiet after this battle until the first part of June. 

5. Meanwhile, the Federals m the West were making vigorous 
efforts to capture Yicksburg and Port Hudson, which commanded 
the navigation of the 
Mississippi. The army 
operating against Vicks- 
burg was commanded 
by General Ulysses S. 
Grant. After the fail- 
ure of Grant and Sher- 
man to capture Vicks- 
burg, in December, 
1862, General John Mc- 
Clernand, with thirty 
thousand men, a large 
part of them from Sher- 
man's army, assisted by 
Admiral Porter's fleet, 
after a five hours' des- 
perate conflict, captured 
Arkansas Post, on the 
Arkansas River, and its 
garrison of five thousand men, commanded by General T. J. 
Churchill, besides seventeen cannon, three thousand stand of 
small arms, and a great quantity of munitions and commissary 




NAVIGATIOX IX THE MISSISSIPPI BAYOUS. 



5. Meanwhile, what were the Federals in the "West doing? Who eora- 
inanded the army operating against Vicksburg ? What post did General Mo- 
Clernand capture on the llth of January ? What di I General Grant do 

25* 



294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

stores. This was on the 11th of January. During the months 
of February and March General Grant made many attempts to 
approach Vicksburg, — first by Williams's Canal, next by Lake 
Providence, then by Yazoo Pass, then by Steele's Bayou, then 
by Milliken's Bend and New Carthage Cut-off. In all these 
efforts he fiiiled. But he was not a man to be discouraged by 
failures. He adopted the bold plan of sending his army down the 
west bank of the Mississippi to Grand Gulf, and running his 
transports past the Vicksburg batteries down to the same point. 
Then he intended to cross the Mississippi at Grand Gulf, and, 
moving up from that point, attack Vicksburg in the rear. In 
this he completely succeeded. From Grand Gulf he began his 
march upon Vicksburg, defeating the forces of Pemberton at 
Raymond on the 12th of May; at Baker s Creek., or Champion 
Hill, on the IGth of May; and at the Big Black on the 17th. 
The Confederate army of nearly thirty thousand men now re- 
tired into Vicksburg, where they were closely besieged by the 
Federal army. They had lost in the series of battles just named 
six thousand men killed, wounded, and prisoners, besides thirty- 
three cannon and a large number of small arms. The entire Federal 
force, both on land and water, now besieging Vicksburg numbered 
considerably more than one hundred thousand men. On the 19th 
and 22d of ^lay two grand assaults were made on the Confederate 
fortifications, but were repulsed, with a loss to the Federals of 
four thousand men. Grant now determined to keep Pemberton's 
army shut up in Vicksburg until it should be starved into a 
surrender. 

6. Meanwhile, General Banks had advanced from New Orleans 
with about fifteen thousand men, and was closely besieging Port 



during February and March? With what result? What bold plan did he 
adopt? Did he succeed? What victories did he now gain ? What had the 
Confederates lost in this series of battles ? Wliat was the size of the Federal 
army besieging Vicksburg ? What was the result of assaults made on the 
19th and 22d of May? What did Grant now determine to do? 

6. Meanwhile, what had General Banks done ? What was the result of an 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



295 





VIEW OP NEW ORLEANS — LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN IN THE DISTANCE. 

Hudson, which was defended by six thousand Confederates under 
General Gardner. On the 27th of May he assaulted the Con- 
federate works, but was repulsed with the loss of two thousand 
men, while the Confederates did not lose three hundred in all. 
On the 10th and 14th of June he again assaulted and was again 
repulsed.. 

7. On the 22d of June, General Dick Taylor, hoping to make 
a diversion in favor of Port Hudson, captured Brashear City, 
Louisiana, with one thousand prisoners, a strong fort, ten large 
cannon, and supplies valued at nearly six million dollars. 

8. Efforts were now made by the Confederate government to 
assemble an army for the relief of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, 
by sending a large portion of General Bragg's army tcT Mississippi 
under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston. The effect 
of this transfer of troops from Tennessee to Mississippi was that 
Bragg's position in Tennessee was weakened, while the force sent 



assaii't made on the 27tli of May? AVhat of the assaults made on the 10th 
and 14th of June? 

7. What happened at Brashear City on the 22d of June ? 

8. What efforts were now made by the Confederate government? What 
was the effect of this transfer of troops ? 



296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to INIississippi was not strong enough to accomplish the purpose 
for which it was designed. 

9. The Confederate government now resolved on an invasion 
of Pennsi/lvama, with the double design of freeing Virginia from 
the presence of hostile troops, and also of breaking up the entire 
Federal plan of campaign for the summer, both in the East and in 
the West. Accordingly, on the 3d of June, General Lee, at the 
head of an enthusiastic army of eighty thousand men of all 
arms, an army which had never yet acknowledged defeat, com- 
menced his forward march. On the 9th of June, after the 
Federals on the north of the Rappahannock had discovered that 
Lee's army was making a movement of some sort, a large force of 
their cavalry under Generals Gregg and Buford, strongly sup- 
ported by infimtry, crossed the Rappahannock and attacked Gen- 
eral Stuart at Fleetwood, near Brandy Station, but after a severe 
engagement the Union troops were driven back across the river. 
General Lee flanking Hooker's army, moved northward with con- 
fidence. On the 14th of June, General Early, of Ewell's corps, 
stormed and carried the Federal works at Winchester, while Gen- 
eral Rodes, on the same day, captured Martinsburg. The fruits 
of these two victories were more than four thousand prisoners, 
twenty-nine cannon, two hundred and seventy wagons and ambu- 
lances, with four hundred horses, besides a large amount of mili- 
tary stores. On the 23d of June, General Ewell, with the advance 
of Lee's army, crossed the Potomac, and on the 27th of June 
the Confederate army entered Cliamhershurg, Pennsylvania. 
Some divisions entered York and Carlisle, and were advancing 
on Harrisburg, when they received orders to join the main army 



9. On what did the Confederate government now resolve? With what de- 
sign ? What did General Lee do on the 3d of June? Describe the cavalry 
battle of the 9th of June at Fleetwood, near Brandy Station. What two vic- 
tories did the Confederates win on the 14th of June ? What were the fruits 
of these two victories ? When did the advance of Lee's army cross the Poto- 
mac? When did they enter Chambersburg, Pennsylvania? What did some 
other divisions do ? What orders did they receive ? What had these move- 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



297 



near Gettysburg. These moveuicnts of Lee's army had forced 
the Federal Army of the Potomac to abandon Virginia and hasten 
to the defence of Pennsylvania. While on the march General 
Hooker, at his own request, was relieved of the command, and 
General George G. Meade was appointed in his place. With one 
hundred thousand men Meade hastened forward to check the 
advance of Lee. 

10. At Gettysburg^ on the 1st of July, the Confederate ad- 
vance corps under Generals Hill and Ewell encountered the 
advance corps of the Federals led 
by Generals Reynolds and How- 
ard, and after a spirited battle 
drove them through Gettysburg, 
inflicting upon them the loss 
of five thousand in killed and 
wounded, besides capturing five 
thousand prisoners and several 
cannon. General Reynolds was 
among the slain. The first day's 
battle was thus a brilliant success 
for the Southern arms. Had the 
advantage gained been pushed 
that evening, no doubt their triumph would have been complete. 
During the night of the first the whole Federal army came up, 
and was concentrated on a high range of hills south and east of 
the town, and opposite the position carried and held by the Con- 
federates. So strong was the Federal position that Lee hesitated 
about attacking it, but when he looked upon his gallant army, so 
full of spirit and eager for the fray, he hesitated no longer. The 
order to advance was given, and Longstreet's corps on Lee's right, 




GENERAL MEADE. 



ments of Lee's army forced the Federals to do ? Who succeeded Hooker in 
command of the Federal army ? With how many men did he advance against 
Lee? 

10. Where and when did the advance corps of the two armies encounter 
each other ? Give an account of the first day's battle. What happened during 



298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

after a bloody fight, succeeded in piercing the Federal lines and 
retaining its position within them, while General Ewell also suc- 
ceeded in carrying some of the strong positions which he assailed. 
The Confederates now hoped, and with reason, that on the next 
day one more vigorous effort would give them the crowning vic- 
tory of the campaign. The morning of the 3d was spent by both 
sides in busy preparation. In the afternoon, after a furious bom- 
bardment, the charging column of Confederates under Pickett 
advanced, and succeeded in entering the Federal works and get- 
ting possession of some of their batteries, but after a gallant strug- 
gle were forced to fall back with severe loss to the position from 
which they had made the assault. The Confederate army had 
suffered too severely to renew the assault, but was well able to 
meet any attack that might be made ; while the Federal army, 
which had but barely held its own, was not able to assault Lee's 
position. Had the battle of Grettysburg occurred in Virginia, it 
would have been considered indecisive, but occurring where it did, 
it was a decisive Federal victory. 

11. Lee could not remain longer in Pennsylvania, because he 
could not procure supplies, and there was danger that a force 
might be sent which would interrupt his communications and 
perhaps cut off his army from the fords of the Potomac. He 
remained at Gettysburg during the 4th, waiting to see if the 
Federals would attack his position, and feeling perfectly able to 
repulse any assault. As the Federals did not attack, the Confed- 
erates busied themselves all that day in burjdng their dead and 
in moving such of their wounded as were in a condition to be 
moved. The Confederate army began to retire on the night of 
the 4th, but the rear of the column did not leave its position 
near Gettysburg until after daylight on the 5th. They retired 



the night of the 1st? Describe the second day's fight. Describe the battle 
of the 3d. What was now the condition of the two armies ? 

II. Why could not Lee remain longer in Pennsylvania? How long did he 
remain at Gettysburg? How did the Confederates busy themselves during the 
4th ? When did they begin to retire ? Were they molested ? Had they lost 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 299 

without molestation by the Federals. Their defeat had happened 
in such a way that they had not lost one bit of their confidence 
in themselves or their leader. At Willt'amsport, on the Gth of 
July, the Confederate wagon and ambulance train, which had 
been sent ahead of the army, under the escort of General Imbo- 
den, was attacked by the Federal cavalry, but the Federals were 
repulsed, and were soon after themselves attacked by General 
Stuart and pursued for several miles. On the 7th of July the 
Confederate army reached the Potomac, and finding the river so 
much swollen by the rains that the trains with the wounded and 
prisoners could not be got across, Lee took up a position extend- 
ing from Williamsport to Falling Waters, and waited for the sub- 
siding of the river and the construction of bridges. On the 12th 
of July, General Meade appeared before Lee's position, but, in- 
stead of attacking, began to fortify his own position. On the 
night of the 13th Lee withdrew his army across the Potomac 
into Virginia without being interrupted by the Federals. 

12. The losses in the Pennsylvania campaign were very heavy. 
The Confederates lost eighteen thousand in killed and wounded 
and about ten thousand unwounded prisoners, the greater part of 
this loss being inflicted upon them in the battles around Gettys- 
burg. The Federal losses during the campaign were about equal 
to those of the Confederates, amounting to more than twenty-three 
thousand at Gettysburg, and more than five thousand at Win- 
chester and Martinsburg. Of this number ten thousand were 
unwounded prisoners, nearly six thousand being captured at Get- 
tysburg, and more than four thousand at Winchester and Mar- 
tinsburg. In artillery, the Federals lost three cannon at Fleet- 



any confidence in themselves or their leader ? What occurred at Williamsport 
on the Gth of July ? What did Lee do when he reached the Potomac? AVhen 
did Meade appear before Lee's position ? Did Meade attack ? What did he 
do ? What did Lee do on the night of the 13th ? 

12. What was the Confederate loss in the Pennsylvania campaign? What 
the Federal ? How many unwounded prisoners on both sides included in this 
loss? AVhat were the losses in artillery ? 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wood, twenty-nine at Winchester and Martinsburg, and sixteen at 
Grettysburg, while the Confederates lost but three cannon in the 
whole campaign. 

13. Meanwhile, great disasters had befallen the Confederate 
arms in the West. Vicksburg, after a long and gallant defence, 
was surrendered to General Grant on the 4th of July, with two 
Imndred cannon and twenty-seven thousand prisoners. On the 
9th, Port Hudson, which had been bravely defended to the last, 
surrendered to General Banks, with seventy-three cannon and six 
thousand prisoners. 

14. We will now notice operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
Georgia. While Bragg and Rosecrans confronted each other 
before Tullahoma, in Middle Tennessee, many expeditions and 
partial actions took place. ' On the 5th of March, General Van 
Dorn, with a large cavalry force, attacked the Federals under 
Colonel Coburn at Spring Hill, in Middle Tennessee, and captured 
the whole force. On the 8th of May, Colonel Streight, who had 
been sent with nearly two thousand Federal cavalry to destroy 
the machine-shops of Rome and Atlanta, was defeated by General 
Forrest near Rome, in Georgia, and compelled to surrender his 
entire command. During the month of July, General John H. 
Morgan, with about two thousand men, crossed the Ohio River 
below Louisville and pushed across the southern portions of Ohio 
and Indiana, doing great damage to the Federals and causing 
general consternation among the inhabitants ; but his command 
was at last attacked by superior numbers and the greater portion 
of it captured (July 26), Morgan himself being among the 
prisoners, but he afterwards escaped. 

In June, Rosecrans began to advance on Bragg, whose army 
had been very much weakened by the transfer of troops to Mis- 

18. Meanwhile, what great disasters had befallen the Confederate arms in 
the West ? 

14. What will we now notice? What happened nt Spring Hill, in Middle 
Tennessee, on the 5th of March ? What on the 8th of May, near Rome, Geor- 
gia? Give an account of Morgan's raid in July. What did Rosecrans do in 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 301 

sissippi. Bragg was obliged to retire to Chattanooga. Before he 
could be reinforced he found that he must either abandon Chat- 
tanooga or run the risk of being shut up and besieged as Pember- 
ton had been at Vicksburg. Accordingly, on the 8th of Septem- 
ber he evacuated Chattanooga, which was occupied by the Federals. 
On the same day Cumberland Gap surrendered to General Burn- 
side, who advanced and occupied Knoxville. 

15. Soon after leaving Chattanooga, Bragg was reinforced by 
part of Longstreet's corps from Lee's army, and with his force 
now increased to fifty thousand men he advanced to encounter 
Rosecrans's army of fifty-five thousand. The two armies met at 
Chickamanga Creek, on the extreme northern border of Georgia. 
In the battle which occurred here on the 19th and 20th of Sep- 
tember the Federals were utterly defeated, with the loss of twenty 
thousand men, of whom eight thousand were prisoners, besides 
fifty-one cannon and fifteen thousand stand of small arms. The 
loss of the Confederates was about fifteen thousand. The Federal 
army was pursued to Chattanooga, and there besieged by Brr.gg. 

16. While Brae's: was in front of Chattanoo2;a, Lon^street was 
ordered with his corps to proceed against General Burnside in 
East Tennessee. He accordingly advanced to the northward, 
defeated Colonel Wolford at Philadelphia Station on the 20th 
of October, and on the 6th of November defeated the main army 
under Burnside at CampheWs Station, forcing the Union troops 
back to their fortifications at Knoxville, which he proceeded to 
invest. 

IT. Bragg was now investing Chattanooga and cutting ofl" the 



June? What was Bragg obliged to do ? Before he could be reinforced what 
did he find? When did he abandon Chattanooga ? What happened at Cum- 
berland Gap on the same day ? 

15. How was Bragg reinforced soon after leaving Chattanooga? What did 
he now do? Where did the two armies meet? Describe the battle of Chick- 
amauga. 

16. While Bragg was before Chattanooga what was Longstreet ordered to 
do? What two victories did Longstreet gain ? 

26 



302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

supplies of the Federal army. But relief came to the besieged, 
for the two corps of Hooker and Howard were sent to them from 
Meade's army in Virginia. In November the Federals were still 
further reinforced by Sherman's army from Mississippi. Gen- 
eral Grant took command of the Federal armies around Chatta- 
noojra, which now numbered not less than eighty thousand men. 
Bragg's army, numbering much less than forty thousand men after 
its losses at Chickamauga and the departure of Long-street's corps, 
was encamped on Missionary Ridge. On the 24th of November, 
Hooker's corps of the Federal army carried the works on Lookout 
Mountain, which, through some bad management, was defended 
by a single brigade only. On the 25th occurred the battle of 
Missionary Ridge. The left wing of the Confederates, which 
was their weakest point, was routed and driven from the field, 
but the right, under Hardee, held its ground firmly, and, after the 
left had given way, retired in order, and by its firm bearing saved 
the Confederate army from destruction. The Confederate loss in 
this disastrous fight was nine thousand men (of whom six thou- 
sand were prisoners) and forty cannon. The Federal army lost 
nearly seven thousand men. General Hooker was sent in pursuit 
of the retreating Confederates, but at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, 
near the village of Ringgold^ General Cleburne halted his division 
and inflicted a repulse upon the Federals which cost them nearly a 
thousand men. The Confederate loss in the battle of Ringgold 
was less than two hundred. The pursuit was pressed no farther. 
Grant drew back his forces to Chattanooga, and sent Sherman to 
the assistance of Burnside at Knoxville. Here Longstreet was 

17. What was Bragg doing at Chattanooga? How did relief come to the 
besieged? How were the Federals still further reinforced in November? Who 
now took command of the Federal armies around Chattanooga? What did 
the Federal army now number? What did Bragg's army number? What did 
Hooker's corps do the 24th of November ? Describe the battle of Missionary 
Ridge. What were the losses of the two armies ? Where was the pursuit 
checked? How ? What was the Confederate loss in the battle of Ringgold? 
What did Grant do ? What happened at Knoxville on the 30th of Novem- 
ber ? What at Strawberry Plains ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 303 

repulsed, in an assault on the 30tli of November, with heavy loss, 
after which, hearing of Sherman's approach, he abandoned the 
siege and retired towards Virginia. At Strawberry Plains he 
defeated a Federal force which attempted to pursue him. 

18. The armies in Virginia were not idle all this time. Early 
in October Lee set out from his camp on the Rappahannock, with 
the intention of placing his army on the line of Meade's commu- 
nications. When Meade became aware of these movements he 
retreated rapidly as far as Centreville^ near Washington. Lee 
then returned to his former position on the Rappahannock, after 
destroying the railroad which Meade had used for the transporta- 
tion of his supplies, and having inflicted on the Federals a loss of 
three thousand men, mostly prisoners, while his own loss was not 
half so many. After Meade had returned to his former position 
on the Rappahannock, General Russell, commanding a division in 
his arm}^, captured some Confederate works at Rappahannock 
Station, taking four cannon and sixteen hundred prisoners. In the 
latter part of November Meade crossed the Rapidan and advanced 
to attack Lee, but the Confederates were ready and waiting for 
him at Mine Run, and on the night of December 1 the Federal 
army retired to its position north of the Rapidan. 

19. During the summer and fall operations on the coast con- 
tinued active. Land and naval forces attacked the defences of 
Charleston, but without success. On the 18th of July, General 
Strong led an assault on Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, but was 
repulsed with a loss of fifteen hundred men, while the Confederate 
loss was less than one hundred. By means of heavy guns the 
Federals battered Fort Sumter into a heap of ruins, but the Con- 
federate garrison still held the work and repulsed an attempt to 
storm it. Gillmore threw shells into Charleston, but all his efforts 

18. What happened in October ? What did Meade do? What did Lee ac- 
complish by this movement to the rear of Meade's army ? What success had 
the Federals at Rappahannock Station ? Relate the aifair of Mine Run. 

19. What of operations on the coast during the summer and fall? Give an 
account of the Federal repulse at Fort Wagner on the 18th of July. What is 



304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

accomplished nothing. At Sahine Pass, on the coast of Texas, 
on the 8th of September, a smyll Confederate fort, manned by 
two hundred and fifty men under the command of Captain Odium, 
repulsed a Federal force consisting of an army of four thousand 
men and a fleet of four gunboats. The Federal loss was two gun- 
boats, which were captured by the Confederates, together with 
fifteen heavy rifled cannon, besides fifty killed and wounded and 
two hundred prisoners. Through the bad management of the 
Federal commander, General Franklin, his four thousand men 
were of no more assistance to the fleet than if they had been a 
thousand miles away. In this afiair the Confederates did not 
lose a single man. 

20. At the close of 1863 the Federal government had recov- 
ered control of the Mississippi River, had overrun the State of 
Tennessee, had regained almost all of Arkansas and portions of 
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida. Hence the people of the 
North were ready to continue the war. On the other hand, the 
Confederates had gained some brilliant victories, and were equally 
determined to fight it out to the end, whatever that might be. 

said of Fort Sumter? Did Gillmore accomplish anything? Describe the 
Confederate victory at Sabine Pass on the 8th of September. What was the 
Federal loss? To what was their defeat owing? What was the Confederate 
loss? 

20. What was the state of affairs at the close of 1863 ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 305 



CHAPTER V. 

LINCOLN'S ADxMINLSTRATION (Continued).— FOURTH YEAR OF 
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 

1. At the beginning of 1864 the Federal armies numbered 
fully a million men, while the Confederate armies numbered not 
more than two hundred and fifty thousand. 

2. Active operations commenced in February by the invasion 
of Florida by an army of six thousand Federals, led by General 
Seymour. At Olustee, or Ocean Pond^ on the 20th of February, 
they were met by five thousand Confederates under Grenerals Col- 
quitt and Finnegan. Colquitt led the attack on the Federals and 
completely defeated them. This defeat compelled the Union 
forces to abandon the invasion of Florida. 

3. On the 3d of February, General William T. Sherman set out 
from Vicksburg, Mississippi, to clear that State of the Confeder- 
ates. He was to be supported by a cavalry raid from Tennessee. 
As he advanced with fifty thousand men, General Polk, whose 
force was too small for any effective resistance, retired before him, 
and Sherman advanced as far as Meridian, and even contemplated 
an assault on Mobile from the rear. His plans were frustrated by 
General Forrest, who, on the 22d of February, with a body of 
Confederate cavalry, defeated a large force of Federal cavalry, 
which was to co-operate with Sherman, at Okalona. Forrest 
drove the Federals, who were commanded by General Grierson, 

1. What was the size of the armies at the beginning of 1864? 

2. Where did active operations begin ? Describe the battle of Olustee. 
What did this defeat compel the Federals to do? 

3. What did General Sherman do on the 3d of February ? How was he to 
be supported ? How were Sherman's plans frustrated ? What happened at 
Okalona on the 22d of February ? What did Sherman do in consequence of 
this battle ? Describe Forrest's movements. 

26* 



306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in complete rout back, to Memphis, capturing many prisoners 
and ten cannon. In consequence of this battle Sherman returned 
to Vicksburg. Forrest continued active movements in Tennessee 
and, Kentucky, and on the 12th of April captured Fort Pillow by 
assault. 

4. On the west of the Mississippi, in Louisiana and Arkansas, 
the Confederates gained still more brilliant successes. When Sher- 
man returned to Vicksburg a large part of his army was united 
with that of Greneral Banks, in Louisiana, swelling his force to 
forty thousand men. In co-operation with Greneral Steele, from 
Arkansas, with seven thousand more men, Banks intended to 
drive the Confederates entirely out of Louisiana and Arkansas, 
and complete their overthrow in Texas. He therefore moved 
northward from New Orleans, while Steele moved southward from 
Little Rock. The Confederate army under Greneral Dick Taylor 
attacked the Federals at Mansfield, or Sabine Cross-Roads, on the 
8th of x\pril, and again at Pleasant Hill on the 9th, forcing Gen- 
eral Banks to retreat to New Orleans. When Steele heard of 
the defeat of Banks he retreated, closely pursued by General 
Kirby Smith. Instead of succeeding in their plans the Federals 
had been defeated, with a total loss of fourteen thousand men, — 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, — thirty-five cannon, eleven hundred 
wagons, one gunboat, and three transports. The Confederates, 
whose whole strength was only about twenty-five thousand, re- 
covered nearly all of Louisiana and Arkansas, and lost less than 
five thousand in killed, wounded, and missing. Thus ended the 
Red River expedition. 

5. On the North Carolina coast, on the 20th of April, General 

4. What was done with a large part of Sherman's army after his return to 
Vicksburg? What did Banks expect to do in co-operation with General 
Steele ? What did the Confederate army under Dick Taylor do ? When 
Steele heard of the defeat of Banks, what did he do ? AVhat was the loss of 
the Federals on the Red River expedition ? What had the Confederates 
done? 

5. What victory did the Confederates win on the North Carolina coast on 
the 20th of April? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 307 

Hoke, with about six thousand men, assisted by the iron-clad gun- 
boat Albemarle, captured Plymouth^ with its garrison, with much 
artiller}'^ and stores. 

6. Early in March there occurred in Virginia the great cavalry 
raid of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren, whose object was to surprise 
Richmond, enter the city, then release the Federal prisoners there 
confined, and leave them to burn the city and kill the Confederate 
President and Cabinet. They completely failed, and Dahlgren 
was killed on his retreat. On his person were found the papers 
which revealed the whole plot. 

7. In March Greneral Ulysses S. Grant was made lieutenant- 
general in command of all the forces of the United States. Two 
grand campaigns were now planned, — one against Richmond, in 
Virginia, under Grant himself; the other against Atlanta, in 
Georgia, under the leadership of General William Tecumseh 
Sherman. Both campaigns began on the same day. On the -ith 
of May, while the Army of the Potomac was crossing the Rapi- 
dan. Grant, seated on a log by the side of the road, wrote a tele- 
gram to Sherman bidding him to start. 

8. We will first treat of the Yirguiia campaign of the spring 
and early part of the summer. The Federal plan was that 
Grant's army, one hundred and forty thousand strong, should ad- 
vance from the north upon Richmond; Generals Crook and Sigel 
were to capture Staunton and Lynchburg and come down upon 
the Confederate rear ; while General Butler, with thirty thousand 
men, was to move up the James River, take Petersburg, and ap- 
proach Richmond from the south. 

9. It was in this campaign especially that General Lee exhib- 
ited talents which entitle him to rank among the great generals 



6. Give an account of the raids of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren in Virginia. 

7. Who was appointed in March to command all the United States forces ? 
What two grand campaigns were now formed? When did both campaigns 
begin ? 

8. What was the plan of the Federal campaign in Virginia? 

9. What did Lee exhibit in this campaign ? With how many men did he 



308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of the world. With sixty-four thousand men he moved forward 
promptly to meet Grant's large army, and in the Wilderness, not 
far from the old battle-field of Chanccllorsville, he fell upon the 
Federal lines. During the 5th and 6th of May the battle raged 
with great fury. Longstreet was wounded as he was pressing 
back the Federal lines, and was unable to resume his command 
for several months. At the close of the second day's battle Grant 
found himself completely checked. He had lost twenty thousand 
men, and Lee eight thousand. 

10. On the night of the 7th Grant attempted by a flank march 
to Lee's right to seize Spottsylvaiiia Court-House and get between 
the Confederate army and Richmond, but when he reached that 
point he found the Southern army barring his way. He had been 
foiled by the skill with which the great Confederate leader had 
penetrated his design. There now occurred several days of skir- 
mishing and desperate fighting. At early dawn on the 12th of 
May General Hancock, leading some of Grant's best troops, sur- 
prised and captured an exposed part of the Confederate works, 
taking three thousand men of the old Stonewall Division and 
thirty cannon, and was on the point of breaking through Lee's 
lines when General John B. Gordon with two briii-ades, rushini!; 
into the breach, checked the advancing Federals. The Confeder- 
ates made repeated efi"orts to retake the captured salient, but fiiiled, 
though they recovered twelve of the captured guns. On the 
other hand the Federal efforts to dislodge Lee's army all failed, 
and the day ended in a Confederate success. After this repulse 
Grant remained quiet several days waiting for reinforcements. 
After these were received, finding that he could not move Lee 



move to meet Grant ? Where did he encounter him ? Describe the battle of 
the Wilderness. 

10. What did Grant attempt on the night of the 7th ? What did he find in 
his way ? What now occurred ? What did General Hancock do at early 
dawn of the 12th of May? Who checked the Federal advance? Describe 
the fight that then occurred. What did Grant do after receiving reinforce- 
ments ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 309 

from his position, he drew oiF and again attempted to get between 
Lee and llichmond. 

11. Again he was foiled, for he found Lee at the North Anna 
(May 23) ready to dispute his advance. After some severe 
fighting, in which he accomplished nothing, Grant made still 
another attempt, and found the Confederate army drawn up at 
Cold Harbor, still barring the way to llichmond. During the 
movements from Spottsylvania Court-House to Cold Harbor Gen- 
eral Stuart, the commander of Lee's cavalry, was defeated and 
mortally wounded at Ydloio Ihvern (May 11) by the Federal 
cavalry under General Philip Sheridan. General Wade Hampton 
succeeded Stuart in command of the cavalry. 

12. On the 3d of June, Grant's army assaulted Lee's position 
at Cold Harbor., but after an action which lasted only twenty 
minutes, the Federals were repulsed with the loss of ten thousand 
men, while the Confederate loss was not much over one thousand. 
When Grant ordered his army to renew the assault, the soldiers 
refused to obey the command. The campaign of one month had 
cost the Federals sixty thousand men. The Confederate losses 
during the same time were eighteen thousand men. 

13. The other Federal generals who were to co-operate with 
Grant succeeded no better. On the 6th of May, while Lee and 
Grant were fighting in the Wilderness, Butler began his advance 
with thirty thousand men, but Beauregard hastened up from 
Charleston, South Carolina, with all the forces that could be 
spared, and reached Petersburg about the time that Butler landed 
at Bermuda Hundreds, between Petersburg and Richmond. On 



11. How was he again foiled? When he made another attempt, where did 
he find the Confederate army drawn up ? What happened at Yellow Tavern 
on the 11th of May? Who succeeded Stuart in command of Lee's cavalry? 

12. What happened on the 3d of June ? Describe the battle of Cold 
Harhor. What had the campaign of one month cost the Federals ? What 
was the Confederate loss ? 

13. Did the Federal generals who were to co-operate with Grant succeed 
any better ? What did Butler do on the 6th of May ? Who hastened to the 



310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the 16th of May, Beauregard, with fifteen thousand men, totally 
defeated Butler near Drewrys Bluff, and drove the Federals 
back to Bermuda Hundreds, with the loss to them of five thou- 
sand men. He then shut them up in their fortifications so closely 
that they could be of no assistance to Grant. 

The conjoint movement of Crook and Sigel was arrested by 
General Breckinridge, who, with a greatly inferior force, assisted 
by the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute, routed Sigel at 
New Market, in the valley, on the 15th of May. 

14. After Grant's repulse at Cold Harbor, on the 3d of June, 
he found it necessary to abandon his attempt upon Richmond 
from the north. He now resolved to cross the James Kiver and 
seize Petersburg before Lee should be aware of his purpose. But 
he failed in this also ; for his advance was held in check at Peters- 
burg by some local troops, and when his main army arrived, there 
stood Lee's veterans before him. On the 17th and 18th of June 
Grant assaulted, but was again repulsed, with the loss of ten 
thousand men, while the Confederate loss was small. 

15. While Grant was preparing to cross the James, he ordered 
General Sheridan with his cavalry to seize Gordonsville and 
Charlottesville, destroy the railroads at those places, and unite 
with General Hunter in a movement from the valley. But 
Sheridan did not succeed, for he was met at TreviUlans Station. 
on the 12th of June by General Wade Hampton and defeated. 
Hunter succeeded no better. He was met at Lynclihurg by 
Early and Breckinridge, and forced to retire on the 18th of June. 
Early followed him so closely that his retreat became a disorderly 
flight. 



defence of Petersburg ? What did Beauregard do on the 16th of May? How 
was the conjoint movement of Crook and Sigel arrested? 

14. What did Grant now find it necessary to do ? What did he resolve to 
do ? Why did he fail in this ? What was the result of assaults made on the 
17th and 18th of June? 

15. AVhile Grant was preparing to cross the James what did he order Sheri- 
dan to do ? Why did not Sheridan succeed ? What of Hunter ? Tell what 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



311 



While Grant was fighting at Petersburg, a force of eight thou- 
sand cavalry under Wilson and Kautz was sent to destroy the 
Confederate communications with the South and West, but were 
totally defeated, losing many in killed and wounded, more than 
one thousand men captured, thirteen cannon, and thirty wagons. 
After the failure of Grant's assaults on Petersburg, the remainder 
of June and the greater part of July were spent by the two 
armies in strengthening their respective positions. 

16. We will now notice operations in Georgia. The campaign 
in that State began on the same day with the campaign in Vir- 
ginia (May 4), when General Sher- 
man, with one hundred thousand 
men, began to advance upon the 
Confederate position at Dalton, 
which was defended by General 
Joseph E. Johnston with forty- 
three thousand men. Sherman's 
superiority of numbers enabled 
him to en2;ao:e the Confederate 
army with a force larger than their 
own, and at the same time send a 
large force to threaten their com- 
munications. His plan throughout 
the whole campaign was to bring Johnston to battle on such terms 
as would insure his decisive defeat, and then advance and occupy 
Atlanta. Johnston's plan was to avoid a general engagement, 
except where the advantage of position was on the side of the 
Confederates, and at the same time to delay Sherman's march as 
much as possible. If no opportunity presented itself of defeating 




GENERAL JOE JOHNSTON. 



is said of the cavalry raid of Wilson and Kautz? How was the remainder 
of June and the greater part of Jul}' spent by the two armies? 

16. When did the campaign in Georgia begin? With how many men did 



Sherman advance? How many had Johnston ? What did Sher 



man s supe- 



riority of numbers enable him to do ? What was his plan throughout the 
campaign ? What was Johnston's plan ? If no opportunity was presented of 
defeating Sherman, what did he intend to do? 



3i2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Sherman, he intended to fall back to his lines near Atlanta, where 
his position would be as strong as Lee's before Richmond and 
Petersburg, and there, with the advantage on his side, he expected 
to defeat the Federal army. 

17. On the 8th and 9th of May there was fighting at Dalton, 
in which the Confederates had the advantage, but Sherman was 
able to swing his right so far around Johnston's left that the 
Confederate army was obliged to fall back to Resaca. Here, on 
the 14th and 15th of May, there was fought a considerable battle 

between portions of the two armies, 
which was in the main to the ad- 
vantage of the Confederates, but 
Sherman made another flanking 
move, and Johnston withdrew 
across the Oostenaula, and took up 
a position near Cassville, where he 
hoped to have a favorable opportu- 
nity of fighting a battle. Being 
disappointed in this, he crossed the 
Etowah on the morning of the 
20th. Here his army rested for 
three days. On the 24th of May, 

General AVheeler, commanding the Confederate cavalry, gained a 

brilliant success near Cassville. 

18. Johnston having ascertained that Sherman's forces had 
crossed the Etowah far to the Confederate left, marched promptly 
to meet them, and took up a position extending from Dallas to 
the railroad. There now occurred a series of partial engage- 
ments, which Johnston and Sherman in their respective narra- 
tives of this campaign agree in calling the battle of New Hope 




'' -• V. ^ . t-ni-QQ nntra ■ in rn/i "y'zi.rn nr ivioxr 



17. What happened at Dalton on the 8th and 9th of May ? AVhy was the 
Confederate army obliged to fait back ? What happened at Resaca on the 
14th and 15th of May? When did Johnston withdraw across the Etowah? 
What happened on the 24th of May at Cassville? 

18. Where did Johnston ntxt take up a position? What now occurred? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 313 

Chirch. The first of these was on the 25th of May, between 
Hooker's corps and Stewart's division of Hood's corps. In this 
the Federals were repulsed, with the loss of at least two thousand 
men, while the Confederate loss was only four hundred. The 
second was on the 27th, between the Fourth Corps of the Federal 
army and Cleburne's division of Hardee's corps, near Little 
Pumpkin Vine Creek. The Federals were again repulsed, and 
the respective losses were nearly the same as in the affair of the 
25th. The next day, at Dallas, General Bate, with two brigades, 
made an assault, but was repulsed, with the loss of three hundred 
men, while the Federal loss was trifling. 

For several weeks there was constant skirmishing between tlie 
two armies. All this time the Federals kept shifting position, 
first in one direction and then in another, in the eifort to turn the 
flanks of the Confederates, all of which movements were skilfully 
met by General Johnston. In one of these skirmishes, on the 
14th of June, General Leonidas Polk, one of Johnston's corps 
commanders, was killed. 

19. Soon after this Johnston took up a strong position at Kene- 
saw Mountain. Heavy skirmishing continued, in which partial 
attacks were made by both sides, invariably resulting in the re- 
pulse of the attacking party. On the 2Tth of June General 
Sherman made a general attack on the Confederate lines on Kenc- 
saw Mountain, and was repulsed, with a loss of between three and 
five thousand men, while the loss in Johnston's army was only 
five hundred and twenty-two. 

20. While all this fighting was going on in Georgia, General 



Give an account of the battle of the 25th of May. Of the 27th. What hap- 
pened next day at Dalla?, on the extreme Confederate loft? AVhat was now 
the state of affairs for several weeks ? Who was killed in one of these 
skirmishes? 

19. Where did Johnsfon next take up a position ? Give an account of 
Sherman's repulse at Kenesaw on the 27th of June. 

20. While all this fighting was going on in Georgia, what did General For- 
rest do in Mississippi ? What was the Federal loss in men and stores ? 

o 27 



314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Forrest, in Mississippi, attacked the Federal General Sturgis 
(June 10) at Tlshamingo Creek., near Guntown, and completely 
overwhelmed him. Out of twelve thousand men the Federals 
lost five thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners. They also 
lost their entire train of wagons and all their artillery (twenty 
cannon). 

21. On the 2d of July, five days after the battle of Kenesaw 
Mountain, Johnston ascertained that Sherman was about to get 
between his position and Atlanta. He therefore retired to a new 
line near the Chattahoochee, and afterwards crossed that river 
and placed his army in the lines near Atlanta. Johnston now 
resolved to hold Atlanta with the Georgia State troops, and with 
his whole army fall upon the Federal flank and rear. After Sher- 
man had crossed the Chattahoochee, Johnston, while preparing to 
carry out his plan, was superseded by General John B. Hood, a 
brave and gallant officer, but one who lacked the necessary skill 
and experience. The army turned over to Hood numbered fifty- 
one thousand men, its losses having been more than counterbal- 
anced by the reinforcements received. Its losses during the cam- 
paign were ten thousand in killed and wounded and about four 
thousand from other causes, most of the latter being soldiers 
absent on account of sickness. The Federal loss during the same 
time was about twenty thousand in all, but its losses had been 
repaired by reinforcements. 

22. There now occurred a series of battles known as the Battles 
of Atlanta. On the 20th of July, Hood attacked the Federals 
on Peach Tree Creek, but was repulsed. On the 22d of July, 
General Hood, leaving a force to hold Atlanta, marched with his 



21. What did Johnston ascertain five days after the battle of Kenesaw 
Mountain ? What did he do ? What did Johnston resolve to do ? By whom 
was Johnston succeeded before he could carry out his plan ? What did the 
army turned over to Ilood number? What were its losses during the cam- 
paign ? What were the Federal losses during the same time ? 

22, What now occurrod ? Give an account of the battle of July 20. Of 
July 22. Who claimed the victory on that day ? What did Sherman do on 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 315 

main army around to Decatur, and fell upon the Federal left and 
rear, driving them from their works and capturing twenty-two 
cannon, eighteen stand of colors, and fifteen hundred prisoners ; 
but Sherman bringing forward fresh troops checked the Confed- 
erates in their victorious onset and recovered nine of his captured 
guns. Both generals claimed the victory ; but Sherman made no 
other attempt to flank Atlanta on that side. Two gallant officers 
lost their lives on this day, General Walker on the Confederate, 
and General McPherson on the Federal, side. On the 27th of 
July, Sherman began his attempt to flank Atlanta on the left. 
On the 28th, General Hood assaulted the Federal right, but was 
repulsed. On the 5th of August, General Schofield's corps of 
the Federal army made an assault on the portion of the Confed- 
erate line held by General Bate, at Utoy Creek, and met with a 
bloody repulse. The losses in this series of battles were about 
ten thousand on the Confederate and seven thousand on the Fed- 
eral side. 

23. While these battles were going on at Atlanta, General 
Sherman sent out two calvary columns, one five thousand strong, 
under General Stoneman, and the other four thousand, under Gen- 
eral McCook, with orders to meet at Lovejoy Station, on the Ma- 
con Road, and destroy the Confederate communications. This 
expedition proved a failure, for McCook was attacked at Newnaii 
and defeated, while Stoneman, who went as far as 3Iacon, was 
defeated there by General Cobb, and pursued so closely by General 
Iverson that he and one thousand of his men were captured and 
the rest of his force dispersed. This expedition cost Sherman 
three thousand of his best cavalry. Soon after, General Wheeler 
made a raid on the Federal communications, doing much damage. 



the 27th ? What of Hood's assault on the 28th ? What happened on the 5th 
of August at Utoy Creek ? What were the losses around Atlanta? 

23. While these battles were going on at Atlanta, what did General Sher- 
man do? What of this expedition? What can you say of McCook's force? 
What of Stoneman? What did this expedition cost Sherman? What did 
Wheeler do ? 



316 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




RICUMOND. 



24. We left the armies in Virginia facing each other in their 
works before Petersburg. General Lee feeling strong enough to 
hold his lines at Petersburg and liichmond, sent Early and Breck- 
inridge through the valley to threaten Washington and Balti- 
more. Early moved rapidly down the valley with about thirteen 
thousand men, entered Maryland, and caused great alarm for the 
safety of Washington and Baltimore. At Monocacy Bridge, on 
the 9th of July, he encountered the foe, and Gordon's division 
routed the Federals under General Lew Wallace. Early then ad- 
vanced rapidly upon Washington, hoping to reach the city and cap- 
ture it before the garrison could be reinforced. But Washington 
was saved by the arrival of two full corps from Grant's army, where- 
upon Early retired and camped near Winchester. Supposing that 
Early was returning to Richmond, Grant ordered the two corps 
that had saved Washington back to Petersburg, intending to strike 
Lee a blow before the arrival of Early. But instead of retiring 



24. How did we leave the armies in Virginia? What did Lee send Early 
and Breckinridge to do ? What did Early do? What happened at Monocacy 
Bridge? What did Early then do? How was Washington City saved? Why 
did Grant now order these two corps back to Petersburg ? What did Early 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 317 

to Rielimond Early advanced to Marfinshurg^ where lie defeated 
Greneral Crook (on the 24:th of July), and drove his force across 
the Potomac, with the loss of twelve hundred men, including Gren- 
eral Mulligan, who was killed. Early then sent a cavalry expedi- 
tion under General McCausland, which routed a small Federal 
force at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and having captured the town 
of Chamhershurg in that State, burned the greater part of it 
(July 30). The Confederates justified the burning of this town 
on the plea of retaliation for the partial burning of Lexington, 
and for the many depredations of Hunter and other Federal officers 
in the valley. These movements of Early excited the greatest 
alarm in Pennsylvania, and the two corps that had started for 
Petersburg were sent back to keep Early in check. On the same 
day that Chambersburg was burned (July 30) Grant suffered a 
bloody defeat at Petersburg, in an affair known as the Mine Ex- 
j)losion. A fort on the Confederate front was mined and blown 
up, but when the Federal troops moved forward to the assault 
they were met by such a withering fire that they were driven 
back in utter confusion, and in a few minutes suffered a loss of 
more than four thousand men. The Confederate loss in this affair 
was about three hundred men. 

25. Between the 13th and 20th of August, General Hancock 
was defeated in an attack on the Confederate lines north of the 
James, On the 19th and 20th of August there was desperate 
fighting on the Weldon Railroad between Mahone and the Fed- 
erals under Warren, but neither side gained any decisive advan- 
tage. On this occc-sion the Confederates captured twenty-five 
hundred prisoners, including General Hays. On the 25th of 



do at Martinsburg ? What did McCausland's cavalry expedition do ? How 
did the Confederates justify the burning of this town? What did these 
movements of Early cause? Describe the affair of the Mine Explosion at 
Petersburg. 

25. What happened north of the James between the 1.3th and 2flth of Au- 
gust? What happened on the 19th and 20th of August on the Weldon Road? 
What at Ream's Station on the 25th of August? 

27* 



318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

August, General A. P. Hill defeated Hancock's corps of Grant's 
army at Reams Station^ inflicting on them very heavy loss, and 
capturing many prisoners, nine cannon, and three thousand small 
arms. 

26. It was now near the end of summer, and no decisive ad- 
vantage had been gained by the Federal arms either in Virginia 
or Georgia. Many in the Northern States thought that the war 
was a failure, and that success was impossible. But the fortune 
of war soon after began to change. The Confederates had fought 
gallantly, but their losses were heavy, and they had no way of 
repairing them. They had brought out their last man, and had 
none to take the place of those killed. On the other hand, the 
Federal losses were constantly repaired by fresh troops, and their 
armies were growing stronger every day. 

27. On the 25tli of August, while the Confederates in Virginia 
were winning the battle of Ream's Station, General Sherman, in 
Gerrgia, began a movement which resulted in placing his army 
near Jonesborough along the Macon Road, in rear of Atlanta. 
When Hood detected this movement, he ordered Hardee with his 
own corps and that of S. D. Lee to assault the Federal position 
(August 31). Failing to dislodge the Federals, he returned to 
Atlanta with the corps of S. D. Lee and prepared to evacuate 
that city. Next day (September 1) Hardee's corps was attacked 
at Joncshorough by six corps of the Federal army, and, although 
his line was pierced and some of his best troops, with eight of 
his cannon, captured, yet by hard fighting he succeeded in holding 
his ground until night closed the struggle. That night he with- 
drew to Lovejoy Station, where, on the morning of the next day, 
he was joined by the main army under Hood, who had abandoned 



26. What did many at the North think at this time ? What change soon 
came about? What can you say about Confederate losses? What about 
Federal losses ? 

27. On the very day that the Confederates in Virginia were winning the 
battle of Ream's Station, what did General Sherman do? What did Hood 
order Hardee to do on the 31st of August? AVhat happened on the 1st of Sep- 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES, 319 

Atlanta to the Federals on the night of September 1. Sherman 
advanced to Lovejoy Station, and a portion of his army made an 
assault on the Confederate lines, which was easily repulsed, where- 
upon Sherman withdrew to Atlanta, where his troops could enjoy 
a rest after their long and hard-fought campaign. The capture 
of Atlanta was the first decisive victory won by the Federal 
armies in 1864. The losses in the battles around Jonesborough 
and Lovejoy were about thirty-five hundred on the Confederate 
side and two thousand on the Federal. 

28. The next Federal successes were in the Valley of Virginia. 
General Sheridan was put in command of all the Federal troops 
in this region, amounting to thirty thousand infantry and ten 
thousand cavalry. The Confederate army in the valley numbered 
thirteen thousand, of which only two thousand were cavalry, 
and was commanded by General Jubal A. Early. On the lOtli 
of September, Sheridan attacked the Confederates near Win- 
chester, and though bravely resisted, at last succeeded in driving 
them from the field with heavy loss. On the 22d of September, 
Sheridan routed P]arly at Fisher s Hill, and compelled him to 
abandon the valley. General Sheridan then marched through 
the valley, spreading ruin and desolation over that beautiful 
region. About the middle of October, after Early's losses had 
been repaired by reinforcements from Lee's army, he again 
advanced down the valley, and camped near Fisher's Hill. He 
now formed the bold plan of surprising Sheridan's army in their 
camp at Cedar Creek. Just at dawn on the 19th of October, 



tember? What did Hardee do that night? What happened at Lovejoy? 
What can you say of the capture of Atlanta? What were the losses in the 
battles around Jonesborough and Lovejoy ? 

28. Where were the next Federal successes? How large a force did Sheri- 
dan command ? How large was the Confederate army in the valley ? What 
happened on the 19th of September ? What at Fisher's Hill on the 22d of 
September? What did Sheridan then do? How had Early's losses been re- 
paired by the middle of October? What bold plan did Early form ? Describe 
the assault on Sheridan's camp. Did the Confederates improve their victory ? 




320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

General Gordon, leading three divisions of Early's army, fell upon 
the Federal left and rear, while General Kershaw led two divisions 

against their right and front, com- 
pletely routing two corps of the 
Federals and forcing the third one 
to abandon the field, capturing 
fifteen hundred prisoners and 
twenty-four cannon. The victory, 
however, was not improved, for 
instead of pressing the pursuit, 
the Confederates halted and began 
to plunder the captured camp. 
When the Federals found that 
the}^ were no longer pursued, they 
GKMCKAL ooiii.oN. ralUcd and reformed their lines. 

They were greatly encouraged by the arrival of Sheridan at ten 
o'clock, who had been absent at Winchester when the battle com- 
menced. Sheridan resolved to retake his captured camp. He 
advanced for this purpose at three o'clock in the afternoon, at- 
tacked and routed the Confederates, who lost fifteen hundred 
prisoners and twenty-three cannon, beside the twenty-four which 
they had captured in the morning. In this campaign of one 
month Sheridan had lost seventeen thousand men, but he had 
killed, wounded, and captured more than half of Early's army 
and forty-four cannon. Towards the close of the fall the greater 
part of the remains of Early's army was placed under the com- 
mand of General Gordon and ordered back to Petersburg. 

29. In the latter part of October Grant made two attempts to 
push forward his lines, one on the north and the other on the 
south side of the James, but was foiled at both points. 

When the Federals found they were not pursued, what did they do ? How 
were they encouraged? What did Sheridan resolve to do ? Describe his at- 
tack on the Confederates. What had Sheridan lost in his campaign of one 
month? What had he accomplished? What was done with the remnant of 
Early's army ? 

29. What is said of Grant's attempts to push forward his lines 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 321 

30. In the months of September and October General Price 
advanced ivith a small Confederate army into Missouri and pene- 
trated far into the interior of the State, but on the 23d of October 
he was attacked by General Rosecrans on the Big Blue, defeated 
with great loss and driven back into Arkansas. 

31. In September, Hood projected a campaign into Tennessee, 
with the purpose of forcing General Sherman to retire from 
Georgia. On the 28th of September, Hood began to move to- 
wards the Chattahoochee. After crossing this river he sent Gen- 
eral French to capture Allatoona, October 5, where there had 
been accumulated a vast amount of supplies for Sherman's army. 
This post was defended by General Corse with a small force, but 
the position was a strong one, and the Confederates were repulsed 
with considerable loss. Hood then moved northward to Resaca, 
destroying the railroad for twenty miles ; then captured Dal ton, 
with its garrison, and destroyed the railroad to Tunnel Hill. 
Sherman left one corps to hold Atlanta while with the rest of his 
army he marched northward to bring Hood to battle. Failing in 
this, he sent General Thomas into Tennessee with a force suffi- 
cient to oppose Hood, while he himself returned to Atlanta. He 
then destroyed the railroad from Dalton to Atlanta, burned the 
foundries and mills in Rome and other places, and destroyed the 
city of Atlanta. Then, on the 13th of November, he set out to 
march through Georgia. On the 19th of the same month, Hood 
entered Tennessee with about forty-five thousand men. At 
FranMin, on the 1st of December, he attacked the Federals 
under General Schofield, numbering twenty thousand men. After 
a desperate battle Hood succeeded in entering the Federal Avorks, 



30. Give an account of Price's Missouri campaign. 

31. What did Hood do in September? When did Hood begin to move 
towards the Chattahoochee ? Tell what is said about the battle of Alhitoona. 
What did Hood do after this? What did Sherman do ? Failing to bring Hood 
to battle, what did he do ? After returning to Atlanta, what did he do ? When 
did he set out on his march through Georgia ? When did Hood enter Ten- 
nessee ? Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Where did the decisive 

O* 



322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and Schoficld retreated towards Nashville. Hood's loss in this 
affair was at least five thousand men, that of Schofield twenty- 
three hundred, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. The 
decisive battle of the campaign occurred at Nashville on the 15th 
and 16th of December, when General George H. Thomas, with 
at least sixty thousand men, attacked Hood's army, which, with 
its cavalry absent, numbered not more than thirty thousand. 
Hood's army was routed, with a loss of more than twelve thou- 
sand men and fifty-three cannon, besides a vast amount of small 
arms and military supplies of all kinds. The pursuit of the scat- 
tered remnants was checked by the swollen rivers and the un- 
daunted courage of the rear -guard, consisting of four thousand 
infantry under General Walthall and a part of Forrest's cavalry, 
which succeeded in joining Hood at Columbia. Hood at length 
recrossed the Tennessee, having lost more than half his army. 

32. Meanwhile, Sherman was on his march through Georgia 
with an army of sixty-five thousand men, and, as there was no 
army in the State to oppose him, he appeared near Savannah on 
the 10th of December. On the 13th, Hazen's division, nearly 
four thousand strong, captured Fort McAllister, which was stoutly 
defended by Major George W. Anderson, with one hundred and 
fifty men. On the 20th, Sherman occupied Savannah, which 
had been abandoned by the Confederates. 

33. While Sherman was on his march through Georgia the 
Federal General Hatch was defeated at Honey Hill, on the line 
of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, with the loss of seven 
hundred and fifty men. 



battle of the campaign occur ? Give an account of the battle of Nashville. 
How was the pursuit checked? When Hood recrossed the Tennessee, what 
had he lost? 

32. Meanwhile, what was Sherman doing? When did he appear near 
Savannah ? Relate the storming of Fort McAllister. When did Sherman 
occupy Savannah ? 

33. What happened at Honey Hill, South Carolina, while Sherman was on 
his march ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 323 

34. We will now see what had been done on the coast. In 
July, 1864, an expedition, consisting of a powerful fleet of twenty- 
eight ships under Admiral Farragut, and a land force under Gen- 
eral Granger, was sent against Mobile. During the month of 
August this powerful force assailed the forts and four vessels 
which defended Mobile Bay, captured the Confederate iron-clad 
Tennessee on the 5th (on which day Fort Powell was blown up 
by its garrison), took possession of Fort Gaines on the Tth, and on 
the 23d captured Fort Morgan, with its garrison of fourteen hun- 
dred men. In all these forts one hundred and four cannon were 
taken. But IMobile still held out, though the Confederates could 
no longer use it as a port. An expedition against Fort Fisher^ 
at the entrance of Cape Fear River, consisting of a land force 
under General Butler, and a fleet of seventy vessels under Com- 
modore Porter, was repulsed on the 24th and 25th of December. 

35. Meanwhile, a rigid blockade was kept up, and the Confeder- 
ate cruisers on the ocean had met with disaster. After inflicting 
great damage on the commerce of the Northern States, the Ala- 
bama was sunk by the Kearsarge on the 19th of June, and the 
Florida was captured by the AVachusett on the Tth of October. 

36. In the fall of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President 
and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice-President. Their op- 
ponents were General George B. McClellan, of the Federal army, 
for President, and Hon. George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vice- 
President. 

37. Nevada^ the thirty-sixth State, was admitted to the Union 



34. Turning now to the coast, what was sent against Mobile in July ? Re- 
late the operations of the fleet during the month of August. Was Mobile 
captured at this time? What was the result of an expedition against Fort 
Fisher towards the last of December ? 

35. What is said of the blockade ? What became of the Confederate 
steamers Alabama and Florida? 

36. What happened in the fall of 1864? Who were their opponents? 

37. When was Nevada admitted to the Union ? What more can you say 
of Nevada? . 



324 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 







4; 



SEAL OF NEV 




on the 31st of October, 1864. The name is Spanish, and signi- 
fies " Snowy Range." It was carved out of the territory acquired 
by the Mexican War. 



CHAPTER VI. 



END OF THE WAR.— CLOSE OF LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. At the beginning of 1865 the Federal forces numbered 
more than one million men, and the Confederates barely one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand. 

2. A second attack on Fort Fisher by the fleet under Commo- 
dore Porter, and a land force under General Terry, was successful, 
taking the fort, with the garrison of two thousand men and one 
hundred and sixty-nine heavy guns (January 15). 

3. Early in February, Alexander H. Stephens, the Confederate 
Vice-President, John A. Campbell, and R. M. T. Hunter went 
to Fortress Monroe as commissioners to meet President Lincoln 
and make an attempt to end the war by negotiation. But nothing 
came of the Peace Commission, and the war went on. 



1. What was the size of the armies at the beginning of 1865? 

2. What was the result of a second attack on Fort Fisher? 

3. Give an account of the Peace Commission. 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 



325 





FORTRESS MONROE. 



4. On the Gth of February, Grant received a bloody check at 
Hatcher s Run while attempting to turn Lee's right. 

5. In the first part of the same month Sherman commenced 
his march through the Carolinas with sixty thousand men. On 
his march through South Carolina he sent a cavalry force under 
Kilpatrick against Augusta, but Kilpatrick was defeated at Aiken, 
on the 11th of February, by General Wheeler, and Augusta wa^ 
saved. On the 17th of February, Sherman occupied Columbia. 
The small force under Beauregard was obliged to retreat. Dur- 
ing the stay of the Federals in Columbia the greater part of the 



4. What happened at Hatcher's Run on the 6th of February ? 

5. When did Sherman begin his march through the Carolinas ? "What did 
be send against Augusta? With what result? What happened at Columbia 
during the stay of the Federals? What did Hardee do when Columbia was 

28 



326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

city was burned to the ground. In consequence of the capture 
of Columbia, General Plardee evacuated Charleston and marched 
to join his forces to those of General Beauregard. In this last 
extremity General Joseph E. Johnston was ordered to take com- 
mand of the forces in front of Sherman and make one more 
effort to restore the falling fortunes of the Confederacy. The 
remnant of the Army of Tennessee was ordered from the West to 
join Johnston in Carolina. The forces of General Bragg, which 
had been withdrawn from Wilmington, were also ordered to report 
to him. On the 8th of March, General Bragg gained a victory 
at Kinston, North Carolina. On the 16th, General Hardee 
fought a bloody but indecisive battle against a part of Sherman's 
army at Aver7jshoro\ and on the 19th and 20tli the wdiole Con- 
federate force of fifteen thousand men gained a partial succcess at 
Bentonville, but they were unable to check the advance of Sher- 
man's large army. 

6. On the 25th of March, General John B. Gordon, command- 
ing a corps of Lee's army, attacked Grant's lines and captured 
Fort Sfcadman, with many prisoners and guns, but not being 
properly supported, was forced to retreat with heavy loss. Lee, 
with only thirty-three thousand muskets to man his trenches ex- 
tending a distance of thirty-five miles, was closely pressed by a 
vast host of more than one hundred and fifty thousand men. On 
the 31st of March, Sheridan, who had come down from the valley 
and joined Grant, was defeated at Dimuiddie Court-House^ but on 
the next day, with an overwhelming force, he defeated Pickett's 
division at Five Forks. On the 2d of April, Grant succeeded in 
making a breach in Lee's lines at Petersburg, and forcing the 

captured? AVho was now called to command the Confederate army in the 
Carolinas ? AVhat was the remnant of the Army of Tennessee ordered to do? 
What of Bragg's forces? Where did Bragg gain a victory? What happened 
at Averysboro'? What at Bentonville? 

6. What happened near Petersburg on the 25th of March ? What was now 
Lee's condition? What happened at Dinwiddle Court-IIousc on the 31st of 
March ? What at Five Forks the next day ? What did Grant do on the 2d 
of April ? Describe the defence of Fort Gregg. What did Lee do on the 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 327 

Confederates into their inner lines close to the city. On this oc- 
casion, when the Confederates were driven from their outer line, 
the obstinate defence of Fort Gregg enabled them to rally in 
their last line of works. This fort was defended by two hundred 
and fifty men, who repulsed three assaults made by Gibbon's di- 
vision, and when at last the fort was captured all but thirty of its 
brave defenders were killed or wounded, while five hundred Fed- 
erals lay stretched upon the ground. That night, the 2d of April, 
Lee, with only twenty-five thousand men of all arms, began his 
retreat from the lines of Petersburg and Richmond, which he had 
held so long and skilfully. On the 3d the Federals occupied 
Richmond, which they found in flames, and it was with difficulty 
that the fire was subdued. 

7. Grant pressed his pursuit after Lee, and on the 9th of April 
succeeded in surrounding the gallant remnant of the Army of 
Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court-House. Of that proud 
army, which had dealt the Union forces so many staggering blows, 
but a mere wreck remained. Their suiferings had been so great 
that only eight thousand infantry were able to stand up in line 
of battle, and Lee's whole effective force was less than ten thou- 
sand men, and these were shut in on every side by the mighty 
hosts of Grant and Sheridan. Lee saw that nothing now re- 
mained but surrender. The terms given him were liberal and 
generous, and reflected great honor upon Grant, the victorious 
general. After stacking their arms and colors, the officers and 
men, having given an obligation not to bear arms until exchanged, 
were permitted to return to their homes safe from any molesta- 
tion by the Federal authorities, the officers being allowed to re- 
tain their side-arms, and officers and men to retain such horses as 
were their own private property. 

night of the 2d of April ? AVhen did the Federals occupy Richmond ? In 
what condition did they find the city ? 

7. Where did Grant succeed in surrounding Lee's army ? What was the 
condition of the Confederates? What did Lee see? What is said of the 
terms accorded by Grant? What were the terms? 



328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. A further prosecution of the war was now hopeless. Presi- 
dent Davis, his Cabinet, and other ofiicials left Kichmond on 
the same night that Lee began his retreat. After an interview 
with Generals Johnston and Beauregard at Greensboro', North 
Carolina, Davis authorized General Johnston to make whatever 
terms he could for the termination of the war. On the 18th of 
April, Johnston and Sherman met at the house of a Mr. Bennett, 
near Durham s Station^ in North Carolina. The terms then 
agreed upon were, that " the troops were to march to their re- 
spective States and deposit their arms in the State arsenals, each 
officer and man pledging himself to cease from acts of war and 
abide the action of State and Federal authority ; the President 
of the United States to recognize the several State governments 
on their officers and Legislatures taking the oath of allegiance to 
the United States, and all persons to be secured in person, prop- 
erty, and political rights." This agreement was designed to im- 
mediately restore the Union and end the war. Sherman thought 
that these terms agreed with the views expressed by Mr. Lincoln. 

9. But Lincohi had been assassinated at Ford's Theatre, in 
Washington City, on the night of the 1-1 th of April. This ter- 
rible crime was perpetrated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor of 
considerable note. Booth was pursued for several days, finally 
overtaken, and shot. 

10. Andrew Johnson now became President, and he refused 
to ratify the treaty between Sherman and Johnston. 

11. On the 26th of April, Sherman and Johnston had a sec- 
ond meeting, when terms of capitulation were agreed upon simi- 

8. When did President Davis and his Cabinet leave Richmond? What did 
Davis authorize Johnston to do? AVhcre did Johnston and Sherman meet? 
What were the terms agreed upon ? What was this agreement designed to do? 
AVhat did Sherman think ? 

9. What terrible thing had happened on the 14th of April ? By whom was 
this crime perpetrated? What became of Booth? 

10. Who now became President ? What did he do ? 

11. When were terms of capitulation agreed upon between Sherman and 
Johnston ? What was each separate body of troops permitted to do ? 



WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 329 

lar to those granted to Lee. Each brigade or separate body of 
troops was permitted to retain a number of arms equal to one- 
seventh of its effective strength, which, when the troops reached 
the capitals of their respective States, were to be disposed of as 
the general commanding the department might direct. 

12. Between the surrender of Lee and the final capitulation of 
Johnston, Mohile yielded to a combined attack by land and water, 
and General Wilson, with a cavalry expedition from Nashville, 
captured the cities of Selma, Montgomery, Columbus, and Macon. 
When Wilson heard the news of Johnston's capitulation, he 
marched his command back to Tennessee. 

13. The surrender of Johnston was followed by that of all the 
Confederate armies. The last surrender was that of General E. 
Kirby Smith, in Texas, on the 26th of May. 

14. The last actual collision of hostile forces occurred at Pal- 
metto Eanche, on the Rio Grande, in Texas, on the 13th of May. 
In this affair a Federal cavalry force under Colonel Barrett was 
defeated by some Confederate cavalry led by General J. E. 
Slaughter and chased for fifteen miles. 

15. Some of the civil ofiicers of the Confederacy left the coun- 
try. Mr. Davis, the President, was captured and imprisoned in 
Fortress Monroe ; and Mr. Stephens, the Vice-President, was 
imprisoned in Fort Warren. Mr. Stephens was soon released, 
but Mr. Davis remained a prisoner for nearly two years, and was 
then released without a trial. 

12. Mention events that occurred between the surrender of Lee and 
the capitulation of Johnston. 

13. By what was the surrender of Johnston followed ? 
li. What can you say of the last hostile collision ? 

15. What did some of the civil officers of the Confederacy do ? What of 
Mr. Davis and Mr. Stephens ? 



28* 



330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER VIL 

ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 

1. Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the day of Mr. Lincoln's death, April 
15, 1865. As we have already seen, the war of secession came 
to an end early in Johnson's administration. On the 29th of 
May, President Johnson issued an amnesty proclamation to all 
who had been engaged in the late war on the Southern side, ex- 
cept certain specified classes. 

2. The question of greatest importance was the reconstruct ion 
of the Southern States, or the settlement of the terms on which 
the seceded States should be restored to their places in the Union. 
The President appointed "provisional governors" for these States, 
who were instructed to call conventions of the people in their 
several States for the purpose of re-establishing relations between 
them and the Federal government. These conventions were re- 
quired to annul their ordinances of secession, renew their obliga- 
tions to the Federal Union, make new State constitutions, and 
adopt the tJdrteentli amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States. This amendment provided for the prohibition of slavery 
forever in all the States of the Union. 

3. The seceded States complied with the required terms, and 
elected Senators and Representatives to Congress. But when 
Congress assembled in December, the Radicals, or most violent 

1. When was Andrew Johnson inaugurated? What did he do on the 29th 
of May ? 

2. AVhat was the question of greatest importance? What did the President 
appoint? What were these provisional governors instructed to do ? AVhat 
were the conventions required to do ? 

.3. Did the seceded States comply with these terms ? What happened when 
Congress met ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 331 

wing of the Republican party, were in the ascendency, and they 
refused to admit the seceded States to their former rights in the 
Union until they should ratify the fourteenth amendment, which 
made citizens of the negroes, and at the same time fixed political 
disabilities on every man in the Southern States who had ever 
before the war held any ofl&ce of honor or trust, either State or 
Federal, and had afterwards sided with the Southern cause. 

4. The opposition of the President to these measures of Con- 
gress led to a violent quarrel between him and the Congress. 

5. When the seceded States refused to ratify the fourteenth 
amendment, the Republican majority in Congress declared that 
the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas 
were in a state of rebellion, and divided them into five military 
districts, each governed by an officer of the Federal army. Ten- 
nessee was not included among these States, because that State 
had been reconstructed just before the close of the war. 

6. When the President vetoed these measures of Congress they 
were passed over his veto. This was nearly two years after the 
close of the war. 

7. President Johnson had a quarrel with Mr. Stanton, the 
Secretary of War, who continued to hold his office in defiance of 
the order of the President dismissing him therefrom. This led 
to the impeachment of the President by the House on the 22d 
of February, 1868. The President was tried by the Senate, 
Chief-Justice Chase presiding, and was acquitted on the 26th of 
May by one vote. 

8. Under the reconstruction measures of Congress new convcn- 

4. To what did the opposition of the President lead ? 

5. When the seceded States refused to ratify the fourteenth amendment, 
what did Congress declare ? Why was not Tennessee included among these 
States ? 

6. When the President vetoed these measures, what happened? 

7. To what did a quarrel between the President and Mr. Stanton lead ? 
What was the result of the impeachment trial ? 

8. What was done under the reconstruction measures of Congress ? What 



332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tions were called in the ten Southern States. The worst feature 
of these measures was the disfranchisement of thousands of the 
white race in each of the ten Southern States, and the conferring 
of unhmited suffrage on the negro race. The State governments 
estabHshed under these measures adopted the fourteenth amend- 
ment, and in this way was obtained the consent of the requisite 
number of States to make that amendment a part of the Federal 
Constitution. Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
North and South Carolina were admitted to representation June 
24, 1868. Georgia's representatives were soon after excluded 
until that State should ratify the fifteenth amendment. 

9. In the fall of 18G8, Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, and Schuy- 
ler Colfix, of Indiana, the candidates of the Republicans for 
President and Vice-President, were triumphantly elected over 
their Democratic competitors, Horatio Seymour, of New York, 
and General Francis P. Blair, of Missouri. 

10. Other important events of Johnson's administration were 
the admission of Nebraska as a State, the purchase of Alaska 
from Russia, and a treaty with Denmark for the purchase of the 
islands of St. Thomas and St. John. 

11. Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, was admitted to the 
Union on the 1st of March, 1867. The name signifies " Water 
Valley." Nebraska was the eighth State carved out of the 
Louisiana purchase. 

12. Alaska, or Russian America, was purchased during the 
summer of the same year. 



was the worst feature of these measures ? What did the State governments 
thus established do? What States were admitted to representation June 24, 
1868? What of Georgia's representatives soon after? 

9. What was the result of the Presidential election of 1868? 

10. What other important events of Johnson's administration are men- 
tioned? 

11. When was Nebraska admitted to the Union? What else is said of 
Nebraska ? 

12. When was Alaska purchased? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON. 333 




SEAL OP NEBRASKA. 

13. The treaty with Denmark for the purchase of the islands 
of St. Thomas and St. John was rejected by the Senate. 

14. While the United States were engaged in the civil war 
Napoleon III., Emperor of France, seized the opportunity to secure 
a foothold in America. By the aid of French troops he made Max- 
imilian, Archduke of Austria, Emperor of Mexico. When the 
war between the States was ended the United States government 
demanded the recall of the French troops. Maximilian being 
deprived of foreign aid was defeated by the Mexican liberals, and 
shot on the 19th of June, 1867. 

15. The Atlantic cable, which was laid in 1858, soon became 
useless, and everybody except Mr. Field, the originator of the pro- 
ject, thought it a failure. Mr. Field persevered in his efforts, 
and in 1866 his perseverance was rewarded with triumphant suc- 
cess. 

16. On the 1st of June, 1868, ex-President Buchanan died at 
his home in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

17. On Christmas-da?/, 1868, President Johnson issued a 
'proclamation extending unconditional pardon to all who had 
sided with the Confederacy during the war of secession. 

l.S. What is said of the treaty with Denmark? 

14. What did Napoleon III. do while the United States were engaged in 
the civil war? At the end of the war what did the United States government 
do? 

15. What of the Atlantic cable of 1858 ? When was it made a success? 

16. What distinguished man died on the 1st of June, 1868? 

17. What did President Johnson do on Christmas-day of 1868 ? 



334 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER VIIL 



ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



1. Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of the United 
States, was inaugurated on the 4th 
of March, 1869. 

2. The beginning of his admin- 
istration was signalized by the com- 
pletion of the Pacific Railroad, con- 
necting St. Louis, in Missouri, with 
San Francisco, in California. 

3. Reconstruction was completed 
in 1870 by the full restoration of 
all the seceded States to the Union. 
The last thus fully restored was 
Georgia. The Southern people 
immediately after the war went to 
work with great energy to restore 

their wasted fortunes. Those States in which the white popula- 
tion largely predominated were the first to recover their pros- 
perity, because their State governments remained in the hands of 
the same people who had ruled them before the war. This was 
the case with Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, and North 
Carolina. 

4. One of the most important measures of Grant's adminis- 
tration was the adoption of the fifteenth amendment to the Con- 




UlrViJSliS S. GRANT. 



1. When was President Grant inaugurated ? 

2. By what was the beginning of his administration signalized? 

3. When was reconstruction completed? Which was the last State fully 
restored? Which States first recovered their prosperity? Whj' ? 

4. What was one of the most important measures of Grant's administration ? 
How was it carried through ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 835 

stitution, declaring that the right of citizens of the United States 
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or 
any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude. This amendment was carried through in the same 
manner as the fourteenth. 

5. On the 12th of October, 1870, occurred the death of Gen- 
eral Robert E. Lee, the illustrious commander of the Southern 
Army of Virginia during the great Secession War. This event 
spread great sorrow throughout the South. Appropriate honors 
were paid to his memory in every part of the country, even in 
many places in the Northern States. At the time of his death 
he resided at Lexington, Virginia, and was President of the 
Washington College, which has since been named the Washing- 
ton-Lee University. Lee was one of the noblest men of this or 
any age, and is by many considered the ablest general that 
America ever produced, 

6. The Alabama Claims, which gTew out of the injuries to 
the commerce of the United States inflicted during the war by 
Confederate armed vessels that had been fitted out in British 
waters, at one time threatened war with Great Britain, but this 
question was settled by arbitration in 1871, as was also a dispute 
about the Northwest boundary. The Geneva tribunal, to which 
the Alabama claims were referred, adjudged that fifteen million 
five hundred thousand dollars should be paid to the United States. 
The Emperor of Germany acted as arbitrator on the Northwest 
boundary question, and it was settled agreeably to the views of 
the United States. 

7. In 1871 occurred the great Chicago fire, by which a large 
portion of that great city was destroyed by fire. A similar dis- 
aster befell Boston in 1872. 



5. What great man died on the 12th of October, 1S70 ? Tell what is said 
of him. Where was Lee living at this time ? What else is said of him ? 

6. What were the Alabama Claims? How were they settled? Who acted 
as arbitrator on the Northwestern boundary question ? 

7. What great fire occurred in 1871 ? What one in 1872 ? 



33G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. In the fall of 1872 there was another Presidential election. 
General Grant was nominated for a second term by the Republi- 
can party, and Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, was their candi- 
date for Vice-President. Horace Greeley, a prominent New 
York journalist, was the nominee of the combined Democrats and 
Liberal Republicans for President, and B. Gratz Brown, of Mis- 
souri, for Vice-President. Grant and Wilson were overwhelm- 
ingly elected. Soon after the election Mr. Greeley died. 

9. The Credit MohiUer, a stock-company which had a great 
deal to do with the Pacific Railroad, was the subject of investiga- 
tion by Congress during the session of 1872-73. The House of 
Representatives censured two of its members for corrupt prac- 
tices, and one of the United States Senators barely escaped 
expulsion. 

10. Early in Grant's second term broke out the Modoc War. 
The Modocs, who lived near the southern boundary of Oregon, 
refused to stand by an old treaty which they had made consent- 
ing to surrender their lands and go on a reservation. Fleeing to 
inaccessible " lava-beds," they defied the government. Peace 
commissioners sent to treat with them in April, 1873, were 
treacherously fired upon by the Indians, and two of them slain. 
One of the slain was General Canby. An active campaign was 
carried on against the Modocs until the whole of the hostile band 
were captured. The assassins of the commissioners were put to 
death, and the rest removed to the reservation. 

11. In 1873 two returmng hoards in Loinsiana, each claiming 
to be the legal one, reported two different governors as elected, — 
one Republican, the other a Democrat. The Republican gov- 
ernor, Kellogg, was recognized by the administration as the right- 



8. Who were the candidates of the respective parties in the Presidential 
election of 1872? What was the result? Who died soon after? 

9. Tell what is said of the Credit Mobilier. 

10. Give an account of the Modoc War. 

11. What happened in Louisiana in 1873? What in 1874? What occurred 
the following January ? How was the question settled ? 



ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



337 



ful incumbent, but the Democratic party of Louisiana never re- 
garded him as anything else than a usurper. In the fall of 1874 
there was an uprising of the citizens at New Orleans, twenty-six 
persons lost their lives in a street encounter, and Governor Kel- 
logg had to flee for safety to the custom-house, under the pro- 
tection of the Federal flag. The President again interposed in 
Kellogg's favor. The following January another outbreak oc- 
curred, on account of efforts of the returning board to deprive 
Democratic members of the seats to which they were entitled in 
the Legislature. A committee of the House of Representatives, 
in which the Republicans had a majority, went to New Orleans 
and settled the question in favor of the Democratic members. 

12. The Congressional elections of 1874 resulted in a great 
Democratic triumph, which was hailed with intense joy through- 
out the South. 

13. Great financial distress came upon the country in 1873, 
and prostrated the industries of the people for several succeeding 
years. 




SEAL OF COLORADO. 



14. Colorado, the thirty-eighth State, was admitted to the 
Union March 3, 1875. A large part of this State was embraced 
in the Louisiana purchase, and a considerable part in the territory 
acquired from Mexico. 



12. How did the Congressional elections of 1874 result? 

13. What is said of financial distress ? 

14. When was Colorado admitted? What else is said of Colorado? 
p 29 



338 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



15. The deaths of several prominent men occurred during 
Grant's administration, viz. : AVilliam H, Seward, Secretary of 
State during Lincoln's administration (1872) ; Professor Morse, 
the inventor of the magnetic telegraph, in the same year ; Chief- 
Justice Chase, in 1873 ; Charles Sumner, United States Senator 
from Massachusetts, in 1874; and Vice-President Wilson, in 
1875. 




MEMORIAL HALL, CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 

16. The Centennial of American Independence^ occurring on 
the 4th of July, 1876, was appropriately celebrated in every part 
of the Union, especially in Philadelphia. In the great Centennial 
hmldiriffs at Philadelphia was held the greatest world's fair ever 



15. What prominent men died during Grant's administration? 

16. What is said of the Centennial of American Independence? What was 
held in Philadeli)hia ? Mention one notable feature of the celebration in 
Philadelphia. 



ADMINISTRATION OF ULVSSES S. GRANT. 339 

seen. One notable feature of the celebration in that city was the 
parade of the Centennial Legion, consisting of military organiza- 
tions from each of the original thirteen States, in which the sol- 
diers of the North and the South, who had fought each other so 
valiantly, now marched side by side under distinguished Union 
and Confederate officers. 

17. In 1876 a war broke out with the Siovx (soo) Indians in 
Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. In June, General Custer with 
part of his regiment came upon the hostile camp, numbering 
twenty-five hundred warriors, under " Sitting Bull," near the 
Little Big Horn River, and, without waiting for support, charged 
upon them. The result was a terrible defeat, Custer himself 
being slain after performing prodigies of valor. The United 
States soldiers, reinforced afterwards, pursued the Indians and 
compelled many of them to surrender, though Sitting Bull with 
many of his warriors escaped into the British provinces. 

18. The Presidential election of 1876 was one of the most ex- 
citing on record. The candidates of the Republicans were Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and William A. Wheeler, 
of New York, for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated 
Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. 
Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The Democratic can- 
didates received a large majority of the popular vote, and but for 
the action of the returning boards of Louisiana and Florida would 
have received the majority of the electoral vote. The returning 
boards of those two States, being entirely in the hands of the 
Republicans, on the plea of intimidation threw out enough Demo- 
cratic ballots to give the electoral vote of their States to Hayes 
and Wheeler. The Democrats protested against this action, and 



17. What war broke out in 1876? Give an account of Custer's battle. 
What did the United States soldiers afterwards do ? 

18. What of the Presidential election of 1876? Who were the candidates 
of the Republicans ? Who of the Democrats ? What did the Democratic 
candidates receive ? What prevented their receiving the majority of the elec- 
toral vote? Relate what happened in Louisiana and Florida. What hap- 



340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

claimed that the electoral votes of those States should be counted 
for Tilden and Hendricks. In Oregon the Democratic authorities, 
by a mere technicality, gave one of the electoral votes of that 
State to their party candidates, although the State had gone 
Republican. Both parties also claimed South Carolina. The 
real issue of the contest hung on the votes of Louisiana and 
Florida. Congress to settle the dispute passed an act that all dis- 
puted electoral certificates should be referred to an Electoral Com- 
mission^ consisting of five Senators, five Representatives, and five 
Judges of the Supreme Court. On this commission the Repub- 
licans had a majority, and on the plea that they could not go 
behind the ofiicial returns from a State they declared that Hayes 
and Wheeler were elected by one majority of the electoral vote. 
The Democrats, though considering the decision unjust, acquiesced 
in it, and the Presidential contest was ended. 

19. In Louisiana the returning board again decided in favor of 
the Republican candidate for governor, although the Democratic 
candidate had been clearly elected. In South Carolina a similar 
state of affairs existed. United States troops were stationed at 
the capitals of these States, under the plea of keeping the peace. 
After the inauguration of Mr. Hayes, who adopted a concilia- 
tory policy, the troops were withdrawn, and the Democratic State 
governments were peacefully established in both Louisiana and 
South Carolina. Thus the control of the last of the Southern 
States again passed into the hands of the more intelligent class of 
the population, and the era of peace and reconciliation began. 

Every patriot will pray that God may evermore preserve our 
country from strife and sectional bitterness, and that peace and 
brotherly love may reign throughout the land. 



pened in Oregon ? What of South Carolina? On what did the real issue of 
the contest hang? What did Congress do to settle the question ? What was 
the decision of the Electoral Commission? What of the Democrats? 

19. What happened in Louisiana? What in South Carolina? On what 
plea were United States troops stationed at the capitals of these States? 
What happened after the inauguration of Mr. Hayes ? 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 341 



Topical Review of Part Fourth. 

1. Events of Baclianans Admiiiist ration. — James Buclianan, 
of Pennsylvania, the fifteenth President of the United States, was 
inaugurated on the -4th of March, 1857. The Vice-President 
with him was John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. The trouble 
with the Mormons was settled without bloodshed. The troubles 
in Kansas also came to an end in 1857. The Presidential elec- 
tion of 1860 resulted in the choice of Lincoln and Hamlin, the 
Republican candidates. South Carolina seceded December 20, 
1860 ; Mississippi, January 9, 1861 ; Florida, January 10 ; Ala- 
bama, January 11 ; Gisorgia, January 19 ; Louisiana, January 26 ; 
and Texas, February 1, 1861. On the 4th of February, 1801, 
the Confederate Congress met at Montgomery, Alabama, organ- 
ized the government of the Confederate States, and elected Jef- 
ferson Davis, of Mississippi, for President, and Alexander H. 
Stephens, of Georgia, for Vice-President. Confederate commis- 
sioners went to Washington, but were not received in their offi- 
cial capacity. Virginia's effort to preserve peace by the " Peace 
Congress" failed. 

2. Administration of Ahraliam Lincoln. — Abraham Lincoln, 
of Illinois, the sixteenth President of the United States, was in- 
augurated March 4, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was Vice- 
President with him. Their election was a triumph of the Re- 
publicans. The leading event of Lincoln's administration was the 
war between the States, or the war of secession. 

Events of 1861.* 

Bombardment of Eort Sumter begins, April 12. Fort sur- 
renders to Confederates, April 13. Virginia passed an ordinance 
of secession, April 17 ; x\rkansas, May 6 ; North Carolina, May 
20 ; and Tennessee on the 8th of June. These now joined the 



* Important battles are in Italic. 
29^ 



342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Confederacy. In Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri 
secession was so strongly opposed that those States remained in 
the Union. July 4 the United States Congress met in extra ses- 
sion and provided for raising a large army and navy. On the 
24th of May, Colonel Ellsworth was killed at Alexandria, in 
Virginia. 

The Confederate victories in 1861 were as follows : In Vir- 
ginia: Big Bethel, June 10, Scary Creek, July 17, Manassas, or 
Bull Run, July 21, Cross Lanes, August 26, Greenbrier River, 
October 3, Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, October 21. In Mis- 
souri: Carthage, July 5, Oak Hill, or Wilsons Creek, August 
10, Lexington, September 20, Belmont, November 7. 

The Federal victories in 1861 were as follows: In Virginia: 
Grafton, May 29, Philippi, June 3, Rich Mountain, July 11, 
Carrick's Ford, July 14, Dranesville, December 20. On the 
coast : Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, August 29 ; capture of 
Port Royal and Hilton Head, August 11. 

The indecisive battle was Carnifax Ferry, September 10. 
Towards the close of the year occurred the Trent aifair, which 
came near involving the United States in a war with Great 
Britain. 

Events of 1862. 

Federal Victories. — In the West: Fishing Creeh, or Mill 
Spring, January 19, Fort Henry, February 6, Fort Donelson, 
February 16, Elk Horn, or Pea Ridge, March 7 and 8, Island 
No. 10, April 8, New Orleans, April 28, Fort Pillow, June 4, 
Memphis, June 6, luka, September 19, Corinth, October 4. 

In the East : Naval fight between the Monitor and the Vir- 
ginia, March 9; occupation of Norfolk, May 11, Kernstown, 
March 23 ; battle of South Mountain, September 14. 

On the coast : Roanoke Island, February 8, Fort Pulaski, 
April 11, and Fort Macon, April 26. 

Confederate Victories. — In the West : Valverde, New Mexico, 
March 21 ; in the suqimer and fall, successful cavalry raids of 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 343 

Morgan and Forrest ; Richmond^ Kentucky, August 30, Mum- 
fordsville, Kentucky, September 17, Holly Springs, December 
19, Chickasaw Bayou, December 29. 

In the East: Naval battle in Hampton Roads, March 8, 
Drewry's Bluff, May 15, McDowell, May 8, Front Royal, May 
23, Winchester, May 25, Cross Keys, June 8, Port Republic, 
June 9, Seven Days Battles, including skirmishes, from June 25 
to July 2, Battle of Cedar Run, August 9, Second Manassas, 
August 29 and 30, Chantilly, or Ox Hill, September 1, Harper's 
Ferry, September 15, Shepherdstown, September 20, Stuart's 
raid around McClellan's army, in October, Fredericksburg, De- 
cember 13. 

On the coast: Battle of Secessionville, June 16, and Pocota- 
ligo, October 22. In the first part of the year the Federals 
drove the Confederates out of Missouri and Kentucky, and over- 
ran Western and Middle Tennessee and a part of East Tennessee. 
In the summer and fall the Confederates recovered East Tennes- 
see and a large part of Middle and West Tennessee. 

Indecisive battles of the year : Shiloh, April 6 and 7, Wil- 
liamsburg, May 5, Seven Fines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, Antie- 
tam, or Sharpsburg, September 17, Perry ville, October 8, Mur- 
freesboro\ or Stone River, December 31 to January 2, 1863. 

Events of 1863. 

Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln, Jan- 
uary 1. 

Confederate Victories. — On the coast : Capture of Galveston, 
Texas, January 1 ; capture of the Hatteras, January 11 ; of a 
gunboat and schooner, near Sabine Pass, January 21 ; naval 
victory in Charleston harbor, January 31, Fort McAllister, 
March 3 ; repulse of Federals at Fort Sumter, April 6 ; battle 
of Fort Wagner, South Carolina, July 18 ; battle of Sabine Pass, 
Texas, September 8. 

In the West : Failure of Grrant's attempts on Vicksburg in 



344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

February and March ; assaults on Vicksburg, May 19 and 22, 
Port Hudson. May 27, and June 10 and 14, Brashear City, 
June 22, Spring Hill, Tennessee, March 5 ; capture of Colonel 
Streight's command. May 8 ; Chlckamanga^ September 19 and 
20, Philadelphia Station, October 20, Campbell's Station, Novem- 
ber 6, Ringgold, November 26. 

In the East : Chancellorsville^ May 2 and 4 ; cavalry battle at 
Fleetwood, or Brandy Station, June 9 ; battles of Winchester 
and Martimhurg^ June 14, Williamsport, July 6 ; Lee's flank 
march around Meade in October. 

Federal Victories. — On the coast : Destruction of steamer 
Nashville, February 27. 

In the West: Capture of Arkansas Post, January 11 ; battle 
at Raymond, May 12, at Bakers Creek, May 16, at the Big 
Black, May 17 ; capture of Vicksburg, July 4, and Port Hudson, 
July 9 ; Morgan's raid in July ; occupation of Chattanooga, Sep- 
tember 8 ; capture of Lookout Mountain, November 24 ; battle 
of 3Iissionarg Ridge, November 25 ; Confederate assault on 
Knoxville, November 30. 

In the East : Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3 (in which 
victory inclined to the Confederates the first two days, but de- 
clared decisively for the Federals on the 3d), Rappahannock 
Station in November. During this year the Federals obtained 
entire control of the Mississippi River, overran all Tennessee, the 
greater part of Arkansas, and portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, 
and Florida. 

Events of 1864. 

Confederate Victories. — In the East : At Olustee, or Ocean 
Pond, Florida, February 20 ; defeat of Federal cavalry raid near 
Richmond in March ; battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 
Spottsylvania Court-House, IMay 12, Cold Harbor, June 3, 
Drewrys Bluff, or Bermuda Hundreds, May 16, Keic Market, 
May 15 ; Grant's assaults on Petersburg, June 17 and 18 ; cav- 
alry battle of Trevillian's Station, June 12 ; defeat of raiding 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 345 

party to Lee's rear in June ; battle of Monocacy Bridge^ July 9 ; 
defeat of Federals at Martinsburg in July; capture of Cham- 
bersburg, Pennsylvania, July 30 ; Mine Explosion at Peters- 
burg, July 30 ; battle at Ream's Station, August 25 ; Grant twice 
repulsed at Petersburg in October. 

In the West : At Okalona, in Mississippi, February 22 ; defeat 
of Banks s Red River Expedition at Sabine Cross-Roads and 
Pleasant Hill, May 8 and 9, Tishamingo Creek, June 10, Ken- 
esaiD Mountain, June 27; defeat of Stonemans and Mc Cook's 
raids in Georgia, in July ; Federal repulse at Utoy Creek, near 
Atlanta, August 5. 

On the coast : Capture of Plymouth, North Carolina, April 20 ; 
battle at Honey Hill, South Carolina, in December ; repulse of 
all attacks on Charleston ; Federal repulse at Fort Fisher, Decem- 
ber 24 and 25. 

Federal Victories. — In the East: Yellow Tavern, May 11, 
Winchester, September 19, Fisher's Hill, September 22, Cedar 
Creek, October 19. 

In the West : Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, July 20 ; Hood's 
assault repulsed, July 28 ; battles at Joneshorongh, August 31 
and September 1 ; capture of Atlanta, September 2 ; Price's de- 
feat in Missouri, at the Big Blue, October 23 ; Hood's repulse at 
Allatoona, October 5 ; Sherman's march through Georgia, No- 
vember and December ; Hood's defeat at Nashville, December 15 
and 16. 

On the coast : Capture of forts in Mobile harbor, August 5 and 
23 ; capture of Fort McAllister, December 13 ; occupation of Sa- 
vannah, December 20. 

On the sea: Destruction of Confederate steamer Alabama, 
June 19, and of Confederate steamer Florida, October 7. 

Indecisive Battles. — Resaca, May 14 and 15, Neio Hope 
Church, May 25, 27, and 28, Fair Grounds, near Atlanta, July 
22, Franklin, Tennessee, December 1. 

Results of the Years Fighting. — The Federals had almost anni- 
hilated the Confederate power in the West. Lee still held the 



346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

mighty hosts of Grant at bay before Richmond and Petersburg, 
but was hard pressed by overwhelming numbers. In the fall of 
1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President, and Andrew John- 
son, of Tennessee, Vice-President. 

Close of the War, 1865. 

An attempt at peace negotiations, in February, failed, and the 
war went on. 

Confederate Successes in 1865. — Grant's repulse at Hatcher's 
Run, February 6 ; defeat of Federal cavalry at Aiken, February 
11 ; battle of Kinston, North Carolina, March 8; Federal repulse 
at Dinwiddie Court-House, March 31 ; cavalry fight at Palmetto 
Ranclie, in Texas, May 13. 

The indecisive battles were Averysboro\ March 16, and Ben- 
tonmlle, March 19 and 20. 

Federal Victories. — Capture of Fort Fisher, January 15 ; cap- 
ture of Columbia, South Carolina, February 17, of Charleston, 
February 18 ; battle of Fort Steadman, March 25 ; Five Forks, 
April 1 ; assault at Petersburg, April 2, followed by occupation 
of Richmond and Petersburg ; surrender of Lee at Appomattox 
Cou7't- House, April 9 ; capture of Mobile, April 12 ; Wilson's 
cavalry raid in March and April. Lee's surrender was followed 
by the surrender of Johnston at Durham's Station, North Caro- 
lina, April 26 ; surrender of all the Confederate armies east of 
the Mississippi, May 4 ; surrender of the trans-Mississippi army. 
May 26. 

The last Jiff Jit of the war was the Confederate cavalry victory 
at Palmetto Ran die, in Texas, May 13. 

The assassination of President Lincoln occurred April 14. 

3. Administration of Andrew Johnson. — Andrew Johnson, 
of Tennessee, the seventeenth President of the United States, was 
inaugurated April 15, 1865. The principal event of his ad- 
ministration was the quarrel between him and Congress about the 
reconstruction of the Southern States. The States were finally 



TOPICAL REVIEW OF PART FOURTH. 347 

reconstructed on the Congressional plan. The thirteenth and 
fourteenth amendments to the Constitution were adopted during 
his administration. Alaska was purchased during this adminis- 
tration. 

4. Administration of Ulysses S. Grant. — Ulysses S. Grant, the 
eighteenth President of the United States, was inaugurated on 
the 4th of March, 1869. He served two terms. During his first 
term Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was Vice-President, and during 
his second term Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, who died in 
1875, and was succeeded by Senator Ferry, of Michigan. Grant's 
election was a triumph of the Republicans. The principal events 
of his administration were the completion of the Pacific Railroad, 
in 1869, the full restoration to the Union of all the seceding States, 
in 1870, the adoption of the fifteenth amendment, the settlement 
of the Alabama Claims, in 1871, the Modoc War, in 1873, the 
Centennial celebration of American Independence, July 4, 1876, 
and a war with the Sioux Indians, in 1876. 

5. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, the nineteenth President of 
the United States, was inaugurated March 5, 1877. William A. 
AVheeler, of New York, became at the same time Vice-President. 

States Admitted during the Fourth Period. 

During Buchanan's administration, Minnesota, admitted May 
11, 1858; Kansas, January 29, 1861. 

During Lincoln's administration, West Virginia, June 20, 
1863 ; Nevada, October 31, 1864. 

During Johnson's administration, Nebraska, March 1, 1867. 

During Grant's administration, Colorado, March 3, 1875. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES. 

PASSED JULY 4, 1776. 



When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them 
with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the 
separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's 
God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re- 
quires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalien- 
able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive 
of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and 
to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- 
ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and accordingly, all experience hath 
shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suf- 
ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce 
them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 

30 349 



350 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their 
future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colo- 
nies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter 
their former systems of government. The history of the present 
king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 
tj-ranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, 
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of 
invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for 
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and rais- 
ing the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 351 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging 
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- 
ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

I]or taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coast, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled 
in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civil- 
ized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored 
to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 



352 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have 
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to 
disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- 
nections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice 
of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the 
necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold 
the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent stages ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the State of Great 
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as FREE 
AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy 
war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do 
all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may 
of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm re- 
liance on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually 
pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form n more per- 
fect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and es- 
tablish this Constitution for the United States of America. 

AETICLE I. 

Section I, All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Section II. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several States ; 
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the 
age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall have been elected. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States, which may be included within this Union, according 
to the respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to 
the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service 
for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of 
all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and 

30* . 353 



354 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

witliiii every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of Kepresentatives shall not exceed 
one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
Kepresentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
eight, Khode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 
five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsj^lvania eight, Delaware 
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Caro- 
lina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker, and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section III. The Senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, 
for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the 
first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
the expiration of the second year ; of the second class, at the expira- 
tion of the fourth j'ear ; and of the third class, at the expiration of 
the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year. 
And if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the 
recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legis- 
lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for 
which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President 
pro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 355 

Judgment, in case of inipeiicliment, shall not extend further than 
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the 
party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indict- 
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section IV. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed by each State, by 
the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, 
make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing 
Senators. 

Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
by law appoint a ditferent day. 

Section V. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each shall 
constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may ad- 
journ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend- 
ance of the absent members, in such manner and under such penalties 
as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a member. 

Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time 
to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judg- 
ment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of members of either 
House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without 
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
to any other place than to that in which the two Houses shall be 
sitting. 

Section VI. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid 
out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, 
except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, 
and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or 
debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other 
place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he 
was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of 



356 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either 
House during his continuance in office. 

Section VII. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
amendments, as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Kepresentatives 
and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but 
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which 
it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on 
their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- 
sideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds 
of that House, it shall become a law. But in all cases the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the 
journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner 
as if he had signed it, unless Congress by their adjournment prevent 
its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on the 
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
United States, and before the same shall take efiect, shall be approved 
by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two- 
thirds of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of bills. 

Section VIII. Congress shall have power : 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the 
debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 357 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coins, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States ; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for 
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their 
respective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and oftences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to 
that use shall be for a longer period than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrection and repel invasion; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, 
and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- 
vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the 
appointment of officers, and the authority of training the militia ac- 
cording to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of par- 
ticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
government of the United States ; and to exercise like authority 
over all places purchased by the authority of the Legislature of the 
State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by 
this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any 
department or officer thereof. 

Section IX. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
prohibited by Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, 
not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 



358 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless, when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
to the census enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or 
revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall 
vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and 
no person holding any olfice of profit or trust under them shall, with- 
out the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, otRce, 
or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. 

Section X. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law 
impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties 
and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for 
the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall 
be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, 
without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops 
or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit 

of delay. 

AKTICLE 11. 

Section I. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for 
the same term, be elected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 359 

may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Kepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress ; 
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust 
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, 
for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which 
list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of 
government of the United States, directed to the President (Jf the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number 
of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one 
who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the 
House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of 
them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the 
five highest on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the 
President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 
States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum 
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary 
to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the per- 
son having the greatest number of the votes of the electors shall be 
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the 
Vice-President. 

Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligi- 
ble to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to 
that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and Congress 
may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what 



360 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accord- 
ingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive, 
within that period, any other emolument from the United States or 
any of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section II. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several 
States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he 
may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each 
of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties 
of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons, for offences against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of 
the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
vided for, and which shall be established by law. But Congress may, 
by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think 
proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section III. He shall, from time to time, give to Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their considera- 
tion such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, 
on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; 
and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time 
of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper ; he shall receive embassadors and other public ministers ; he 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3G1 

shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
mission all the otficers of the United States. 

Section IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers 
of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 
misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may, 
from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the 
Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 
havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- 
pensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in 
office. 

Section II. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to 
all cases affecting embassadors, or other public ministers and consuls ; 
to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between 
two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; 
between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same 
State, claiming lands under grants of diflferent States, and between 
a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court 
shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before inentioned, 
the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law 
and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as Con- 
gress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crime 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as Congress may by law have 
directed. 

Section III. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason un- 
less on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
confession in open court. 

Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
Q 31 



362 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- 
feiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each State, to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the etfect 
thereof. 

Section II. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the t^everal States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on 
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, 
be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall 
be delivered up, on the claim of the party to whom such service or 
labor may be due. 

Section III. New States may be admitted by Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
diction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction 
of two or more States or parts of States, without the consent of the 
Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. 

Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so 
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any 
particular State. 

Section IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in 
this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each 
of them against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or 
of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against 
domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or on the appli- 
cation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3G3 

viall a Convention for proposing amendments, which in either case 
shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress : Provided^ 
That no amendment which may be made prior to the year eighteen 
hundred and eight, shall in any manner aflect the first and fourth 
clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, 
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- 
withstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- 
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
ofllcers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be 
bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any oflice of 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VIL 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this Constitution, between the States so rati- 
fying the same. 

Done in the Convention, by the unanimous consent of the 
States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, 
and of the Independence of the United States of America 
the twelfth. 
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

President, and Deputy frotn Virginia. 
{Signed hy Deputies from all the States except Rhode Islajid.) 



364 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The Constitution was adopted by the Convention, September 17, 
1787, and was ratitiod by Conventions of the several States at the fol- 
lowing dates, viz. : 



Bela-ware, 

Pennsylvania, 

New Jersey, 

Georgia, 

Connecticut, 

Massachusetts, 

Maryland, 



December 7, 1787. 
December 12, 1787. 
December 18, 1787. 
January 2, 1788. 
January 9, 1788. 
February 6, 1788. 
April 28, 1788. 



South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 
New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 



Virginia, 
New York, 
North Carolina, 
Khode Island, 



June 26, 1788. 
July 26, 1788. 
Nov. 21, 1789. 
May 29, 1790. 



AMENDMENTS. 

The following articles proposed by Congress, in addition to and 
amendments of the Constitution of the United States, having been 
ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States, are become 
a part of the Constitution : 

Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting the establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging 
the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress 
of grievances. 

Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the se- 
curity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

Article III, No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, 
but in the manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable 
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing 
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a 
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in 
the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; 
nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put 
in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 
case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 365 

or property, without due process of law, nor shall private property- 
be taken for public use without just compensation. 
■ Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to 
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 
for his defence. 

Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in contro- 
versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall bo 
preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined 
in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the 
common law. 

Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others, retained by 
the people. 

Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
States respectively, or to the people. 

Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another 
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at 
least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; 
they shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as President, 
and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice-President ; and 
they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and 
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes 
for each ; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed, to 
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest 
number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed. And if no 

31* 



3G6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
number, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, 
the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the 
President ; but in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 
States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum 
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary 
to a choice ; and if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
President whenever the right of a choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-Presi- 
dent shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other con- 
stitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest 
number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest num- 
bers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to 
a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the otfice of 
President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United 
States. 

Article XIII. Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- 
vitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any 
place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

Article XIV. Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens 
of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State 
shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State 
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process 
of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
tection of the laws. 

Section II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but 
whenever the right to vote at any election for electors of President 
and Vice-President, or for United States Representatives in Congress, 
executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3G7 

thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being 
twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any 
way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the 
basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion 
which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole num- 
ber of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Section III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in 
Congress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, 
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con- 
stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
remove such disability. 

Section IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of pen- 
sions and bounties for service in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned, but neither the United States nor any State 
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insur- 
rection or rebellion against the United States, or claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

Section V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- 
priate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Article XV. Section I. Therightof citizens of the United States 
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any 
State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 



THE END. 



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The Science of Numbers reduced to its last analysis. Mental and 

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By S?!^FIElL.TOTN I». SA.]VFOTlT>, A. MI., 

Professor of Mathe»uitics in Mercer Uniz>ersity , Georgia. 



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GROVES'S GREEK DICTIONARY. 

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•oQ 



